ABSTRACT
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare workplace conditions and metal exposures in 431 waste pickers who worked nearby at the Estrutural Dump in Brasilia utilizing hair (n = 310) and nail (n = 355) as matrices of exposure. Waste pickers were grouped according to their workplace (open waste dump: G1 and sorting plants: G2). Hair and nail samples were collected and analyzed using ICP-MS. The work duration in the facilities was significantly different between the groups with averages of 16.46 (8.48) yrs and 9.26 (6.28) yrs for hair donors in G1 and G2, and 15.92 (7.72) yrs and 8.55 (5.77) yrs for toenail donors in G1 and G2, respectively. The arithmetic means (µg/g) of cadmium, copper, lead, and manganese in hair were significantly higher in G2 (0.076 ± 0.133; 19.61 ± 18.16; 2.27 ± .56 and 3.87 ± 5.59, respectively) compared to G1 (0.069 ± 0.235; 15.72 ± 15.18; 1.72 ± 4.04 and 3.65 ± 5.5, respectively). Concentrations of arsenic, barium, cadmium, copper, cobalt, lead, manganese, and molybdenum in nail were significantly higher in G2 (0.57 ± 0.39; 22.74 ± 42.06; 0.1 ± 0.08; 22.7 ± 51.60; 0.48 ± 0.45; 4.69 ± 9.43; 19.07 ± 20.75; 1.80 ± 1.76, respectively) compared to G1 (0.40 ± 0.28; 15.32 ± 22.31; 0.08 ± 0.11; 11.91 ± 16.25; 0.37 ± 0.37; 3.94 ± 15.04; 13.01 ± 19.08; 1.16 ± 1.80, respective. Our findings suggest that the studied population was exposed to toxic metals and indicates the need for chemical exposure prevention policies to monitor chemical risk exposures in waste pickers.
Subject(s)
Copper , Refuse Disposal , Cadmium , Manganese , Nails/chemistry , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Recycling , Metals , Hair/chemistryABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms are associated with an increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. PON1 Q192R polymorphism (rs662) partially determine PON1 hydrolytic activity and protect against oxidation of LDL and HDL. This study aimed to delineate the association of PON1 status (functional 192 genotype and plasma activity levels) and atherogenicity in urbans residents aged 40 years or more. Materials and methods Anthropometric data, lipid profiles, the atherogenic index of the plasma (AIP) and Framingham score risk were measured. Three kinetic assays were conducted to assay PON1 status using phenylacetate and 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate as substrates. Results Smoking per se did not significantly impact the AIP but the interaction PON1 genotype by smoking significantly increased the AIP. In subjects with the RR genotype smoking increased the AIP index from (estimated mean ± SEM) -0.038 ± 0.039 to 0.224 ± 0.094. The QR genotype increased the Framingham risk index by around 1.3 points. Smoking by RR genotype carriers significantly increased the Framingham risk score (17.23 ± 2.04) as compared to smoking (13.00 ± 1.06) and non-smoking (7.79 ± 0.70) by QQ+QR genotype carriers. The interaction RR genotype by smoking was a more important predictor (odds ratio = 7.90) of an increased Framingham risk score (> 20) than smoking per se (odds ratio = 2.73). The interaction smoking by RR genotype carriers significantly increased triglycerides and lowered HDL cholesterol. Conclusion Smoking per se has no (AIP) or a mild (Framingham risk score) effect on atherogenicity, while the interaction smoking by PON1 RR genotype has a clinically highly significant impact on atherogenicity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Polymorphism, Genetic , Risk Assessment/methods , Aryldialkylphosphatase/genetics , Atherosclerosis/genetics , Genotype , Reference Values , Triglycerides/blood , Smoking/adverse effects , Logistic Models , Sex Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Aryldialkylphosphatase/blood , Genetic Association Studies , Gene-Environment Interaction , Hydrolysis , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/bloodABSTRACT
Environmental contamination by arsenic compounds in the Ribeira River Valley, São Paulo, Brazil has already been observed. Lead mining and refining activities had been carried on since late colonial times and finished recently, at the end of 1995. The source of As in the region is known to be mainly from arsenopirite geological presence in the lead ore. Chronic exposure to arsenic compounds may cause peripheral vascular disorders, hyperpigmentation, hiperkeratosis and cancer of the skin, bladder, lung, liver and other internal organs. The purpose of this study was to assess children exposure to arsenic from environmental sources in the region. Urine samples from children between 7 to 14 years old were collected at the following localities: Cerro Azul (Paraná); urban areas of Ribeira (São Paulo) and Adrianópolis (Paraná); Vila Mota neighborhood (rural area of Adrianópolis) and Serra neighborhood (Iporanga, São Paulo), identified as groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Group 1 was considered as non-exposed control group. Toxicologically relevant forms of As were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation system. The median values of urine arsenic levels obtained in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were respectively: 3.60, 6.30, 6.41 e 8.94μg/L.
Contaminação ambiental por compostos de arsênio no Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brasil, tem sido já observada. As atividades de mineração e refinamento do chumbo têm ocorrido desde a época colonial e foram encerradas recentemente, no final de 1995. A principal fonte de arsênio na região é arsenopirita que ocorre geologicamente no minério de chumbo. Exposição crônica aos compostos de arsênio podem causar desordens vasculares periféricas, hiperpigmentação, hiperqueratose, além de câncer de pele, bexiga, pulmão, fígado e outros órgãos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a exposição de crianças ao arsênio proveniente de fontes ambientais na região. Amostras de urina de crianças entre 7 e 14 anos foram coletadas das seguintes localidades: Município de Cerro Azul (Paraná); região urbana dos municípios de Ribeira (São Paulo) e Adrianópolis (Paraná); bairro Vila Mota (área rural de Adrianópolis) e bairro Serra (Ipiranga, São Paulo), identificados como grupos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. O grupo 1 foi considerado não exposto (grupo controle). As formas de arsênio toxicologicamente relevantes foram determinadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica com sistema de geração de hidretos. Os valores medianos de arsênio obtidos nos grupos 1, 2, 3 e 4 foram iguais a 3,60, 6,30, 6,41 e 8,9μg/L.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Arsenic/urine , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Lead , Mining , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Spectrophotometry, AtomicABSTRACT
The expansion of the pharmaceutical market in the 20th century led to important changes in the consumption of medications worldwide. The objective of the current study was to analyze acute intentional and accidental poisoning with medications according to factors related to the individual, the poisoning, and the drug involved. This was a cross-sectional study that collected secondary data on all cases of acute poisoning with medications reported from 2003 to 2004 by the Poison Control Center at the Regional University Hospital in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. We studied a total of 546 cases of acute poisoning with medications. Females predominated among intentional cases (79.8 percent), and the 0-9-year age bracket was the most common among accidental cases (51.9 percent). The most frequently involved drugs were those acting on the central nervous system (57.2 percent), predominantly those requiring controlled prescriptions, especially among the intentional cases (66.2 percent). The results demonstrate the characteristics of acute poisoning from medications in Maringá, confirming the need for preventive measures that contribute to the rational use of medications.
A proliferação do mercado farmacêutico no século XX propiciou mudanças importantes no consumo de medicamentos em todo o mundo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as intoxicações medicamentosas agudas intencionais e não intencionais segundo fatores relacionados ao intoxicado, à intoxicação e ao medicamento envolvido. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com coleta de dados secundários referentes a todos os casos de intoxicações medicamentosas agudas notificadas em 2003 e 2004 pelo Centro de Controle de Intoxicações do Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Foram estudados 546 casos de intoxicações medicamentosas agudas. O sexo feminino foi o mais acometido nos casos intencionais (79,8 por cento), e a faixa etária de 0-9 anos foi predominante entre as intoxicações não intencionais (51,9 por cento). Os medicamentos mais freqüentemente envolvidos foram os de ação no sistema nervoso central (57,2 por cento), com predomínio de fármacos que requerem retenção de receita na dispensação, principalmente entre os casos intencionais (66,2 por cento). Os resultados evidenciaram as características das intoxicações medicamentosas agudas em Maringá, confirmando a necessidade da implantação de medidas preventivas que contribuam para a utilização racional de medicamentos.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Poison Control Centers/statistics & numerical data , Poisoning/epidemiology , Acute Disease , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Overdose , Poisoning/etiology , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo averiguar a atividade enzimática da N-acetil-β-D-glicosaminidase (NAG) como possível biomarcador precoce de disfunção renal para a exposição ocupacional ao chumbo inorgânico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi selecionado um grupo de 30 pessoas do sexo masculino expostas ao chumbo inorgânico em uma fábrica de baterias localizada no estado do Paraná. Fizeram parte do grupo os funcionários que mostraram valores de chumbo sanguíneo inferiores a 40 mg/dl. O grupo controle foi representado por 15 adultos saudáveis com similaridade em relação à idade e ao gênero do grupo exposto. Foram determinados os níveis de plumbemia, do ácido d-aminolevulínico urinário e a atividade da NAG urinária. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Foi evidenciado que a atividade urinária da NAG foi significativamente maior (p < 0,05; teste U de Mann-Whitney) no grupo exposto ao chumbo inorgânico quando comparado ao grupo controle, e houve uma correlação negativa com significância (p < 0,05; correlação de Spearman Rank Order) entre o indicador biológico de exposição plúmbica e a atividade urinária da NAG. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento da atividade urinária da NAG pode ser utilizado como um biomarcador precoce da exposição ao chumbo inorgânico.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the enzymatic activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as a possible early biomarker of renal dysfunction due to occupational exposure to inorganic lead. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected a group of 30 males that had been exposed to inorganic lead in a battery factory in the state of Paraná. This group comprised those employees whose blood lead levels were below 40 mg/dl. The control group consisted of 15 healthy adults of similar age and gender compared with the exposed group. Blood lead concentrations, d-aminolevulinic acid levels and urinary NAG activity were measured. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It was shown that urinary NAG activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05, U test of Mann-Whitney) in the exposed group in comparison to the control group, and there was a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05, Spearman Rank Order correlation) between the biological indicator of lead exposure and urinary NAG activity. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the increase of urinary NAG activity may be used as an early biomarker of the exposure to inorganic lead.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Acetylglucosaminidase/analysis , Acetylglucosaminidase/urine , Acetylglucosaminidase , Occupational Diseases/diagnosis , Early Diagnosis , Biomarkers/analysis , Biomarkers/urine , Kidney Diseases/diagnosis , Kidney Diseases/enzymology , Aminolevulinic Acid/analysis , Aminolevulinic Acid , Creatinine/analysis , Lead Poisoning/diagnosis , Lead Poisoning/blood , Lead Poisoning/urineABSTRACT
As intoxicações medicamentosas no Brasil resultam entre diversos fatores os relacionados a uma frágil política de medicamentos em nosso país. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar variáveis sócio-econômicas, tipos de indicação, formas de aquisição e armazenamento de medicamentos das pessoas acometidas por intoxicações medicamentosas agudas não-intencionais. Os dados foram coletados durante visitas domiciliares aos pacientes com registro de intoxicação medicamentosa aguda não-intencional pelo Centro de Controle de Intoxicações de Maringá, Paraná, em 2004. Foram estudadas variáveis relacionadas ao intoxicado, à intoxicação, ao medicamento e armazenamento doméstico de medicamentos. Dentre as 97 intoxicações registradas no período, foram entrevistadas 72 famílias, sendo a maioria de menores de 10 anos (73,6 por cento), sexo masculino (54,2 por cento), estratos econômicos C e D (63,9 por cento). Muitos entrevistados referiram não ter recebido informações sobre o medicamento (76,5 por cento). Houve associação significativa entre pessoas dos estratos econômicos C e D e armazenamento inadequado de medicamentos (p < 0,05). Entrevistados dos estratos econômicos A e B apresentaram medicamentos vencidos com maior freqüência (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que condições inadequadas de aquisição e armazenamento domiciliar de medicamentos podem ter favorecido a ocorrência das intoxicações.
Acute poisoning with medicines in Brazil has various causes, including a deficient national drug policy. The current study thus aimed to analyze socioeconomic variables, prescription characteristics, and forms of purchase or acquisition and storing of medicines by victims of acute unintentional poisoning. The data were collected during home visits to patients with a record of acute unintentional drug poisoning according to the Poison Control Center in Maringá, Paraná State, in 2004. The variables were related to the victim, the poisoning event, the product, and its household storage. For the 97 poisonings recorded during the study period, 72 families were interviewed, with the majority of the victims under 10 years of age (73.6 percent), males (54.2 percent), and from lower-income groups (63.9 percent). Many interviewees reported not having received information about the drug (76.5 percent). There was a significant association between lower-income status and inadequate drug storage (p < 0.05). A larger proportion of poisonings in higher-income families involved expired products (p < 0.05). Inadequate acquisition and storage of drugs may thus have facilitated the occurrence of poisonings.