Health Literacy and Quality of Life in Young Adults From The Belgian Crohn's Disease Registry Compared to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background and Aims: The management of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases in youth is challenging. We aimed to determine health literacy (HL), quality of life (QoL) and clinical outcomes in young adults from the BELgian CROhn's disease registry (BELCRO) in comparison to type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) as a control. Methods: In this prospective and observational study, young adults with Crohn's disease (CD) diagnosed < 18 years and with > 5 years disease duration and a comparable group of patients with DM completed validated HL, QoL and work productivity and activity impairment questionnaires (HLS-EU-Q16, EQ-5D-5L and WPAI). HL was scored as sufficient (13-16), problematic (9-12) or inadequate (0-8). QoL was dichotomized into "no problems" (EQ-5D level 1) or "problems" (EQ-5D levels 2 to 5). Non-parametric (Mann-Whitney U) analyses and Spearman correlations were performed. Results: A total of 52 CD (median [IQR] age of 25.0 [23.8-27.0], 64% male) and 50 DM (age 20.0 [19.0-22.0], 50% male) patients were included. HL was 14.0 [11.0-16.0] for CD and 14.0 [11.3-14.8] for DM (p = 0.6) with similar proportions of sufficient (60 vs. 68%, p = 0.4), problematic (34 vs. 26%, p = 0.3) and inadequate HL (both 6%, p = 1). Although QoL was comparable for CD and DM (77.0 [68.8-82.0] vs. 75.0 [65.0-80.0] %, p =0.4), CD had a trend for higher pain/discomfort (50 vs. 32%, p = 0.06). HL and QoL correlated in CD (r = 0.6, p < 0.001) and DM patients (r = 0.6, p < 0.001). Fewer CD patients with recent hospitalization/surgery had sufficient HL (31 vs. 69%, p = 0.01) and had lower QoL (70.0 [60.0-77.0] vs. 80.0 [70.0-85.0], p = 0.04) compared to those without. Conclusions: Selected young Belgian adults suffering from CD for >5 years have similar and sufficient HL compared to DM patients. However, CD patients requiring hospitalization/surgery have lower HL, which indicates the need for targeted educational programs.

Long-term Outcomes with Anti-TNF Therapy and Accelerated Step-up in the Prospective Pediatric Belgian Crohn's Disease Registry (BELCRO).

BACKGROUND: Accelerated step-up or anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) before first remission is currently not recommended in pediatric Crohn's disease. METHODS: Five-year follow-up data from a prospective observational cohort of children diagnosed with Crohn's disease in Belgium were analyzed. Disease severity was scored as inactive, mild, or moderate to severe. Remission or inactive disease was defined as sustained if lasting ≥2 years. Univariate analyses were performed between anti-TNF-exposed versus naive patients and anti-TNF before versus after first remission and correlations assessed with primary outcomes average disease severity and sustained remission. RESULTS: A total of 91 patients (median [IQR] age 12.7 [10.9-14.8] yrs, 53% male) were included. Disease location was 12% L1, 23% L2, and 64% L3 with 76% upper gastrointestinal and 30% perianal involvement. Disease severity was 25% mild and 75% moderate to severe. Of 66 (73%) anti-TNF-exposed patients, 34 (52%) had accelerated step-up. Anti-TNF use was associated with age (13.1 [11.5-15.2] versus 11.8 [8.7-13.8] yrs; P < 0.05), L2 (29% versus 8%; P = 0.04), and average disease severity (1.7 [1.4-1.9] versus 1.4 [1.3-1.6]; P < 0.001). Duration of anti-TNF correlated with average disease severity (r = 0.32, P = 0.002). Accelerated step-up was also associated with age (13.3 [12.1-15.9] versus 12.5 [10.2-14.1]; P = 0.02) and average disease severity (1.8 [1.6-1.9] versus 1.6 [1.3-1.8]; P = 0.002). Duration of sustained remission was similar in all patients, and no serious infections, cancer, or deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-TNF therapy and accelerated step-up in older patients with more severe disease leads to beneficial long-term outcomes.

Paediatric Crohn Disease: Disease Activity and Growth in the BELCRO Cohort After 3 Years Follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The Belgian registry for paediatric Crohn disease (BELCRO) cohort is a prospective, multicentre registry for newly diagnosed paediatric patients with Crohn disease (CD) (<18 years) recruited from 2008 to 2010 to identify predictive factors for disease activity and growth. METHODS: Data from the BELCRO database were evaluated at diagnosis, 24 and 36 months follow-up. RESULTS: At month 36 (M36), data were available on 84 of the 98 patients included at diagnosis. Disease activity evolved as follows: inactive 5% to 70%, mild 19% to 24%, and moderate to severe 76% to 6%. None of the variables such as age, sex, diagnostic delay, type of treatment, disease location, disease activity at diagnosis, and growth were associated with disease activity at M36. Paediatricians studied significantly less patients with active disease at M36 compared with adult physicians. Sixty percent of the patients had biologicals as part of their treatment at M36. Adult gastroenterologists initiated biologicals significantly earlier. They were the only factor determining biologicals' initiation, not disease location or disease severity at diagnosis. Median body mass index (BMI) z score evolved from -0.97 (range -5.5-2.1) to 0.11 (range -3.4-2) and median height z score from -0.15 (range -3.4-1.6) to 0.12 (range -2.3-2.3) at M36. None of the variables mentioned above influenced growth over time. CONCLUSIONS: Present treatment strategies lead to good disease control in the BELCRO cohort after 3 years. Logistic regression analysis did not show any influence of disease location or present treatment strategy on disease activity and growth, but patients under paediatric care had significantly less severe disease at M36.

Presentation and endoscopic management of sigmoid volvulus in children.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical presentation and management of sigmoid volvulus in children, focusing on endoscopic reduction. In this retrospective multicenter study, we reviewed the charts of 13 patients with sigmoid volvulus. We recorded clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, endoscopic or surgical therapy, and outcome. The children (seven girls, six boys) had a median age of 12.8 years (range, 15 months to 17 years) at initial presentation. Eight patients had associated diseases (e.g., chronic constipation, mental retardation, or myopathy). The initial symptoms were abdominal pain (13/13), abdominal distension (11/13), and vomiting (7/13), which were associated with abdominal tenderness in all patients. Abdominal X-ray showed dilated sigmoid loops and air-fluid levels in all patients. Endoscopic reduction by exsufflation was successful without any complications in 12 patients, whereas the youngest patient underwent a first-line sigmoidectomy. Recurrence occurred in 7/12 patients after endoscopic exsufflation. Finally, 11 patients underwent a sigmoidectomy. CONCLUSION: Although rare in children, sigmoid volvulus should be advocated when abdominal pain is associated with dilated sigmoid loops. Sigmoidoscopic exsufflation can be considered as the first-line management in the absence of perforation. However, sigmoidectomy is often required for prevention of recurrence. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Sigmoid volvulus is uncommon in childhood. • Diagnosis is often missed or delayed. What is New: • This is the first pediatric series showing that endoscopic exsufflation is an efficient and safe treatment option. • Elective sigmoid resection with primary anastomosis is often required to prevent recurrence.

The course of anaemia in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease included in a prospective registry.

AIM: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and evolution of anaemia in prospectively followed children and adolescents diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: The BELCRO registry (inclusion May 2008-April 2010), describing current clinical treatment practice of children diagnosed with CD, provided data on age, height, body mass index (BMI), paediatric Crohn's disease activity index (PCDAI), therapy and haemoglobin (Hb) at diagnosis 12 and 24 months follow-up. Anaemia was defined as Hb < -2 sd, while severe anaemia was defined as Hb < -4 sd. Patients were classified as child ≤13 and adolescent >13 years of age. RESULT: Ninety-six were included, 13 dropped out due to insufficient Hb data (37 females/46 males; median age 13.3 years, range 2.2-17.8 years). At diagnosis, the median Hb sd was -2.66 (-8.4; 1.07) and was correlated with the PCDAI (p = 0.013). At diagnosis, 51/83 (61%) were anaemic and all had active disease. Hb z-score significantly improved (p < 0.0001) but 26/68 (38%) remained anaemic at 12 months and 29/76 (38%) at 24 months of follow-up. The correlation to the PCDAI disappeared. At 24 months, children were more likely to be anaemic. There was no difference in iron dose nor duration of iron supplements between children and adolescents. Iron treatment was more readily given to patients presenting with anaemia. Hb did not differ between patients with (n = 28) or without iron supplements. Half of the patients with persisting anaemia were given iron supplements, of which, only three were given intravenously. CONCLUSION: Anaemia remains an important extra-intestinal manifestation of CD in children. Physicians, lacking optimal treatment strategies, undertreat their patients.

Sterile folliculitis as an important diagnostic clue to Crohn's disease.

Sterile folliculitis is known to be one of the rare cutaneous manifestations of Crohn's disease (CD). To our knowledge it has never been emphasized as a marker of significant diagnostic value, perhaps maybe even more significant than more common cutaneous manifestations such as erythema nodosum (EN).

Significance of bowel wall abnormalities at ultrasound in Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the polymorphism of intestinal ultrasound findings in children with gastrointestinal symptoms of Henoch Schönlein purpura (HSP) and to investigate the clinical relevance of these findings in terms of symptoms and length of hospitalization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical and ultrasound data from 43 consecutive children with HSP (36 with and 7 without abdominal symptoms) were reviewed. Patients with abdominal symptoms of HSP were divided into 4 groups (0-III) representing at ultrasound normal appearance and differentiated, pseudodifferentiated, and dedifferentiated bowel wall thickening, respectively. The diagnostic value of ultrasound in diagnosing gastrointestinal involvement of HSP (grades I-III) was calculated using as the standard of reference the absence or presence of clinical symptoms. Average duration of symptoms and hospitalization in the 4 groups was compared. RESULTS: The respective sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ultrasound for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal involvement of HSP was 83.3%, 100%, 100%, and 53.8%. Groups 0 to III contained, respectively, 5/36 (13.9%), 6/36 (16.7%), 22/36 (61.1%), and 3/36 (8.3%) patients. The groups' average duration of symptoms, respectively, was 2.20 +/- 2.06, 5.67 +/- 1.88, 6.29 +/- .94, and 17.67 +/- 2.66 days, whereas the length of hospitalization, respectively, was 4.80 +/- 2.96, 9.17 +/- 2.70, 11.46 +/- 1.35, and 24.67 +/- 3.82 days. The duration of both symptoms and hospitalization was significantly higher in group III than in the other groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In children with gastrointestinal involvement of HSP, dedifferentiated wall thickening as shown by ultrasound is associated with a poor clinical prognosis.