ABSTRACT
Neurodegenerative disease is mainly characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins, contributing to mitochondrial impairments, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and neuroinflammation resulting in synaptic loss and neuronal loss. These pathophysiological factors are a serious concern in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the symptoms of various neurodegenerative diseases, different treatments are available, but they have serious side effects and fail in clinical trials, too. Therefore, treatments for neurodegenerative diseases are still a challenge at present. Thus, it is important to study an alternative option. Capsaicin is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in capsicum. Besides the TRPV1 receptor activator in nociception, capsaicin showed a protective effect in brain-related disorders. Capsaicin also reduces the aggregation of misfolded proteins, improves mitochondrial function, and decreases ROS generation. Its antioxidant role is due to increased expression of an nrf2-mediated signaling pathway. Nrf2 is a nuclear erythroid 2-related factor, a transcription factor, which has a crucial role in maintaining the normal function of mitochondria and the cellular defense system against oxidative stress. Intriguingly, Nrf2 mediated pathway improved the upregulation of antioxidant genes and inhibition of microglial-induced inflammation, improved mitochondrial resilience and functions, leading to decreased ROS in neurodegenerative conditions, suggesting that Nrf2 activation could be a better therapeutic approach to target pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, the present review has evaluated the potential role of capsaicin as a pharmacological agent for the treatment and management of various neurodegenerative diseases via the Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
A simple, sensitive method for the determination of meta-chlorobenzoic acid in bupropion hydrochloride is described. Chromatographic separation of m-chlorobenzoic acid is achieved using a mobile phase consisting of n-hexane and ethanol (1000:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min on a Chiralpak ADH (250 × 4.6 mm). Absorbance is monitored at 235 nm. The method is linear for m-chlorobenzoic acid over concentration range of LOQ, 5.0 µg/ml to 15.0 µg/ml for m-chlorobenzoic acid with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. This method is more selective and accurate than United States Pharmacopoeia method for the determination of m-chlorobenzoic acid in bupropion hydrochloride.
ABSTRACT
AIM: The present study was undertaken out of a commercial need for the synthesis of Linezolid with impurity limits within the specification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: (R)-Glycidyl butyrate (RGB) is raw material for the synthesis of Linezolid drug substance. This RGB contains (S)-(+)-Glycidyl butyrate (SGB) and SGB appears in same concentration in the final Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. So, a normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed to determine the SGB level in the raw material. RGB and SGB were separated using an HPLC system equipped with quaternary gradient pumps on a Daicel chiralpak AD-H (250 × 4.6 mm) column with a mobile phase consisting 2.0 ml of ethanol in 1 000 ml of n-hexane. A 0.5 ml/minute flow rate and a 10 µl injection volume was used and the compounds were detected at 215 nm. RESULTS: Method validation parameters demonstrated the same to be reliable, reproducible, and accurate one. CONCLUSION: Thus, the present study may be used for regular quality control of RGB to improve commercial feasibility for the synthesis of Linezolid.
