ABSTRACT
Malaria remains endemic in 17 countries in the Americas, where 723,000 cases were reported in 2019. The majority (> 90%) of the regional malaria burden is found within the Amazon Basin, which includes nine countries and territories in South America. Locally generated evidence is critical to provide information to public health decision makers upon which the design of efficient and regionally directed malaria control and elimination programs can be built. Plasmodium vivax is the predominant malaria parasite in the Amazon Basin. This parasite species appears to be more resilient to malaria control strategies worldwide. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infections constitute a potentially infectious reservoir that is typically missed by routine microscopy-based surveillance and often remains untreated. The primary Amazonian malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus (formerly Anopheles) darlingi, has changed its behavior to feed and rest predominantly outdoors, reducing the efficiency of core vector control measures such as indoor residual spraying and distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets. We review public health implications of recent field-based research carried out by the Amazonia International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research in Peru and Brazil. We discuss the relative role of traditional and novel tools and strategies for better malaria control and elimination across the Amazon, including improved diagnostic methods, new anti-relapse medicines, and biological larvicides, and emphasize the need to integrate research and public health policymaking.
Subject(s)
Anopheles , Malaria , Animals , Anopheles/parasitology , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Malaria/epidemiology , Malaria/prevention & control , Mosquito Vectors/parasitology , Peru/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of health services and associated factors in health care centers of the Ministry of Health of Peru (MINSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ecological study was conducted with information from outpatients placed in all health centers from all Regions at the national level from 2009-2011. The use of health services was defined by the proportion of outpatient and the total population. This variable was compared by gender, age group, geographic area, and calendar year. Chi-square test was performed to compare proportions between the different layers. In addition, linear regression was performed to determine factors associated. RESULTS: In this period of time there was an increased number of health care centers and health insurance coverage, but the use of health services decreased from 43.3% (2009) to 40.3% (2011). An increased use by female residents, age group of 0-29 years old and residents from the southern region was found. A multivariate analysis was conducted and factors associated with use of health systems were geographic area, and calendar year. CONCLUSIONS: Use of health services is not associated to the increased number of health centers nor the access to health insurance, but it is associated to individual factors or health system-related factors that should be evaluated in future studies.
Subject(s)
Health Facilities/statistics & numerical data , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Peru , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
The On-Line Registration of Certificates of Live Births was developed in conjunction with the Ministry of Health of Peru and the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status. It is a free system that registers newborns in the delivery room itself which generates a real time certificate of live birth. This simplifies the procedures required to obtain the birth certificate and the National Identity Document for the newborn. This system has been implemented in 114 health centers in 21 regions from March 2012 to March 2013, and has registered 113,917 live births, providing accurate, timely and quality information about these births. This system is the main cornerstone of the health information system which helps obtain real time statistics for adequate and timely decision making in public health.
Subject(s)
Birth Certificates , Information Systems , Online Systems , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Information Systems/organization & administration , PeruABSTRACT
Objetivo. Describir el uso de los servicios de salud y los factores asociados a este en los establecimientos de salud del Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MINSA). Materiales y método. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con información de los atendidos en los centros de salud a nivel nacional, durante años 2009 a 2011, empleando el sistema de información de salud HIS del MINSA. El uso de los servicios de salud fue definido por la proporción de atendidos y el total de la población. Esta variable se comparó por sexo, grupo de edad, zona geográfica y año calendario. Se realizó la prueba de chi cuadrado para comparar proporciones entre los diferentes estratos y regresión lineal para determinar los factores asociados. Resultados. Entre los años 2009-2011 hubo un incremento en el número de centros de salud y cobertura de seguros de salud, pero el uso de los servicios de salud disminuyó de 43,3% (2009) a 40,3% (2011). Se encontró un mayor uso por pobladores del sexo femenino, en el grupo de edades de 0 a 29 años y los residentes en la zona sur del país. En el análisis multivariado los factores asociados con uso de los sistemas de salud fueron zona geográfica y año calendario. Conclusiones. El uso de los servicios de salud no está asociada con el incremento en el número de centros de salud ni al acceso a los seguros de salud, sino a factores individuales o del sistema de salud que deben ser evaluados en estudios posteriores.
Objective. To describe the use of health services and associated factors in health care centers of the Ministry of Health of Peru (MINSA). Materials and methods. An ecological study was conducted with information from outpatients placed in all health centers from all Regions at the national level from 2009-2011. The use of health services was defined by the proportion of outpatient and the total population. This variable was compared by gender, age group, geographic area, and calendar year. Chi-square test was performed to compare proportions between the different layers. In addition, linear regression was performed to determine factors associated. Results. In this period of time there was an increased number of health care centers and health insurance coverage, but the use of health services decreased from 43.3% (2009) to 40.3% (2011). An increased use by female residents, age group of 0-29 years old and residents from the southern region was found. A multivariate analysis was conducted and factors associated with use of health systems were geographic area, and calendar year. Conclusions. Use of health services is not associated to the increased number of health centers nor the access to health insurance, but it is associated to individual factors or health system-related factors that should be evaluated in future studies.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Health Facilities , Health Services , Peru , Time FactorsABSTRACT
El Registro del Certificado de Nacido Vivo en Línea fue desarrollado gracias a un trabajo conjunto entre el Ministerio de Salud del Perú y el Registro Nacional de Identidad y Estado Civil. Se trata de un sistema gratuito que permite registrar a los recién nacidos en la misma sala de partos, y generar en tiempo real el certificado de nacido vivo, facilitando así el trámite necesario para la obtención del acta de nacimiento y del Documento Nacional de Identidad del recién nacido. Entre marzo de 2012 y marzo de 2013, este sistema se ha implementado en 114 establecimientos de salud, en 21 regiones, lo cual ha permitido el registro de 113 917 recién nacidos vivos, y ha proporcionado información precisa, oportuna y de calidad sobre estos nacimientos. Es así que este sistema se constituye como un eje central del sistema de información en salud que permite obtener estadísticas en tiempo real para una adecuada y oportuna toma de decisiones en salud pública.
The On-Line Registration of Certificates of Live Births was developed in conjunction with the Ministry of Health of Peru and the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status. It is a free system that registers newborns in the delivery room itself which generates a real time certificate of live birth. This simplifies the procedures required to obtain the birth certificate and the National Identity Document for the newborn. This system has been implemented in 114 health centers in 21 regions from March 2012 to March 2013, and has registered 113 917 live births, providing accurate, timely and quality information about these births. This system is the main cornerstone of the health information system which helps obtain real time statistics for adequate and timely decision making in public health.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Birth Certificates , Information Systems , Online Systems , Information Systems/organization & administration , PeruABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the main characteristics of the general salaries situation and the incentive policies of health care workers of Peru, comparing them by their origin institution and type of contract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mixed design study was done including both quantitative and qualitative components during 2008 and 2009 with both professional and technical personnel of the Ministry of Health (MINSA) and the Social Insurance (EsSalud) in Peru. The salary structure was primarily evaluated considering incentives, bonuses and other remunerations according to position, type of contract and work place. RESULTS: Remuneration and bonus policies at the national level are determined by the responsibilities and amount of time served. The type of contract is determined by the programs of the public system (DL 276) and the private system (DL 728), also by the Special Program of Contract Services Administration (CAS) and exclusively in MINSA contracting is determined by local health administration Committees (CLAS). The salary structure differs between both types of institutions, especially with respect to incentives and benefits. An special economic incentive for assistance (AETA) is unique to MINSA, but the proportion of assistance varies by region. The professionals of MINSA have lower salaries than those of EsSalud, in all types of contracts. A professional contracted through CAS generally has a lower salary than staff peers in MINSA, though this situation is reversed in EsSalud. The lowest salaries are found in contracts made through CLAS. CONCLUSIONS: The structure and salary amounts differ between MINSA and EsSalud, just as they differ by existing contracting types.
Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Government , Reimbursement, Incentive , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , Social Security , Humans , PeruABSTRACT
Objetivos. Describir las principales características de la situación remunerativa general y las políticas de incentivos en los trabajadores del sector salud de Perú comparándolos de acuerdo con la institución de procedencia y a la modalidad de contrato. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de diseño mixto que incluyó un abordaje cualitativo y componentes cuantitativos durante los años 2008 y 2009 sobre personal profesional y técnico del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) y la seguridad social (EsSalud); evaluándose la estructura salarial considerando los incentivos, bonificaciones y remuneraciones de acuerdo al puesto de trabajo, modalidad de contrato e institución. Resultados. La política de remuneraciones y bonificaciones está determinada por los cargos y el tiempo de servicio. Las modalidades de contratación se rigen por los regímenes para el sistema público (DL 276) y el sistema privado (DL 728); el Contrato Administrativo de Servicios (CAS) y exclusivamente en el MINSA por los Comités Locales de Administración de Salud (CLAS). La estructura salarial difiere entre ambas instituciones, sobre todo en función a los incentivos y beneficios, siendo menores los ingresos en el MINSA. La Asignación Especial por Trabajo Asistencial (AETA) es propia del MINSA pero la proporción en que se da varía de acuerdo con la región. Los profesionales CAS tienen un menor salario que sus pares nombrados en el MINSA, contrario a lo que ocurre en EsSalud. Los ingresos más bajos se presentan en la modalidad CLAS. Conclusiones. Existe diferencia en la estructura y los montos salariales de acuerdo a la institución y al tipo de contrato suscrito.
Objective. To describe the main characteristics of the general salaries situation and the incentive policies of health care workers of Peru, comparing them by their origin institution and type of contract. Materials and methods. A mixed design study was done including both quantitative and qualitative components during 2008 and 2009 with both professional and technical personnel of the Ministry of Health (MINSA) and the Social Insurance (EsSalud) in Peru. The salary structure was primarily evaluated considering incentives, bonuses and other remunerations according to position, type of contract and work place. Results. Remuneration and bonus policies at the national level are determined by the responsibilities and amount of time served. The type of contract is determined by the programs of the public system (DL 276) and the private system (DL 728), also by the Special Program of Contract Services Administration (CAS) and exclusively in MINSA contracting is determined by local health administration Committees (CLAS). The salary structure differs between both types of institutions, especially with respect to incentives and benefits. An special economic incentive for assistance (AETA) is unique to MINSA, but the proportion of assistance varies by region. The professionals of MINSA have lower salaries than those of EsSalud, in all types of contracts. A professional contracted through CAS generally has a lower salary than staff peers in MINSA, though this situation is reversed in EsSalud. The lowest salaries are found in contracts made through CLAS. Conclusions. The structure and salary amounts differ between MINSA and EsSalud, just as they differ by existing contracting types.