Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy and Combined Therapy in Children: Efficacy and Long-Term Results.

Background: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is nowadays the first choice for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones smaller than 2 cm, considering its low complications and high success rate. Aim: To present an update of the current situation of ESWL treatment and to analyse our series of patients and the efficacy of combined lithiasis treatment in different locations and sizes. Patients and Method: Retrospective study including patients with urolithiasis treated with ESWL between 2007 and 2019. Collected data included: gender and age at treatment, presentation symptoms, imaging studies, stone location and size, complications and stone clearance. Success was defined as stone-free status or the presence of clinically insignificant residual fragments (<4 mm after 3 months follow-up). Patients with residual stones larger than 4 mm after 3 months were programmed for another ESWL session or received a combined sandwich therapy, followed by URS or percutaneous approach. Results: Between 2007 and 2019, 37 patients presented a total of 41 lithiasis episodes that were treated with ESWL sessions. Median age at first procedure was 9 years old (1-17) and median follow-up time was 6 years (3-12). Stones were located in the renal pelvis, followed by the lower, middle and upper calyx, proximal ureter, and 51% of our patients had multiple lithiasis. Median stone size was 12 mm (5-45), the main component being calcium oxalate (34%). During immediate postoperative period, 8 patients (19%) presented complications: renal colic, hematuria and urinary tract infection. After the first ESWL, 41% of the patients (n = 17) were stone-free. Out of the 24 residual lithiasis episodes (58%), three patients (7%) underwent a second ESWL session. In the remaining 19 patients, ESWL was combined with URS or percutaneous approach to achieve complete stone clearance. Overall stone free status after combined therapy was 95% (n = 39). Conclusion: These data support that ESWL is an effective minimally invasive technique, with low cost and morbidity, reproducible and safe for the treatment of stone disease in children. Even though lithiasis size seems to be a significant factor in ESWL success, in combination with other lithotripsy procedures it can reach very high rates of stone clearance.

Apendicitis recurrente / Recurrent appendicitis

La apendicitis crónica es una entidad poco frecuente, que se manifiesta como dolor abdominal recurrente en la fosa iliaca derecha. Las pruebas complementarias (hemograma, proteína C reactiva y ecografía) pueden ser normales, por lo que sería necesario realizar una laparoscopia con apendicectomía para el diagnóstico. El estudio histológico muestra cambios inflamatorios crónicos no ocasionados por otros procesos infecciosos ni compatibles con una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Se presenta el caso de un niño de 12 años con episodios autolimitados de dolor abdominal agudo en el transcurso de dos años, al que se le realizó tratamiento quirúrgico con diagnóstico definitivo de apendicitis crónica

Chronic appendicitis is a rare entity, manifested by episodes of recurrent abdominal pain located in the right iliac fossa. Complementary tests (blood count, C-reactive protein and ultrasound) may be normal, so it would be necessary a laparoscopy with appendectomy for diagnosis. The histological study shows chronic inflammatory changes, not caused by other infectious processes and not compatible with an inflammatory bowel disease. We present the case of a 12-year-old boy with self-limited episodes of acute abdominal pain during the course of two years. It was necessary a surgical treatment, with a definitive diagnosis of chronic appendicitis

Displasia renal multiquística segmentaria asociada a ureterocele y quistes renales simples en un recién nacido / Multicystic segmentary renal displasia associated to ureterocele and simple renal cysts in a newborn

No disponible

Rare presentation of shock and acute mesenteric ischaemia secondary to acute adrenal insufficiency in an 11-year-old male.

An 11-year-old Caucasian male with history of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fatigue, emesis and fever on the previous days presented with dehydratation, shock and acute mesenteric ischaemia. Final diagnosis of Addison's disease was made.

[Medium-term results of the endourological management with balloon dilatation of the ureteropelvic junction stenosis in infants]. / Resultados a medio plazo del tratamiento endourológico retrógrado con balón de la estenosis pieloureteral en niños menores de 1 año.

AIM: In the last years it has spread minimally invasive therapeutic for the treatment of pyeloureteral junction obstruction in children. Some of them have got poor outcomes in 4-year-old minor children. We show our experience in the retrograde dilatation with balloon of high pressure in infants. METHODS: It's a retrospective study of 16 infants treated in our hospital. The average follow-up after the intervention is 27.4 +/- 10.0 months. The diagnostic protocol included abdominal ultrasound, cystogram and diuretic renography. The treatment was realized by endourology retrograde balloon dilatation under fluoroscopy. The balloons were in all the cases semicompliant, with a profile of 5 mm, 6 mm 6 7 mm. After the expansion there was placed stents type double J with profile and length depending on the weight of the patient. To obtain the results, we do ultrasound scans and diuretic renography at least 1 year after the intervention. RESULTS: The mean duration of the intervention was 36.4 +/- 15.5 minutes. During the intervention, in 2 patients the placement of the stent was not possible. The time of revenue was 48 hours in all the patients except in 1 of them. The analgesic needs were exclusively non steroid antiinflammatorys. The double J stent was withdrawn with cystoscopy. In 3 patients there were postoperatory complications: a migration of the stent, a urinary infection and an urinoma. In 1 patient with worsening of hydronephrosis was needed of pyeloplasty. In the controls the disappearance of the hydronephrosis was observed in all the cases, eliminating likewise the expansion of the renal calyces. The diuretic renography improved in all babies, being the boss of the curve normal in 14 cases and semi obstructively in 2. The mean time of elimination was 9.8 +/- 2.8 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: We think that the balloon dilatation of pyeloureteral junction obstruction is a minimally aggressive technique that is possible to realize in infants with good results and scanty complications.

Resultados a medio plazo del tratamiento endourológico retrógrado con balón de la estenosis pieloureteral en niños menores de 1 año / Medium-term results of the endourological management with balloon dilatation of the ureteropelvic junction stenosis in infants

Introducción: En los últimos años se han extendido terapéuticas mínimamente invasivas para el tratamiento de la estenosis pieloureteral en niños. Algunas de ellas con pobres resultados en niños menores de 4 años. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento mediante dilatación endourológica retrógrada con balón de alta presión en lactantes. Material y métodos: Presentamos un estudio retrospectivo de 16 pacientes menores de 1 año tratados en nuestra unidad. El seguimiento medio tras la intervención es de 27,4±10,0 meses. El protocolo diagnóstico incluyó ecografía abdominal, gammagrafía renal, cistouretrografía miccional y renograma diurético. El tratamiento se realizó mediante dilatación endoscópica retrógrada bajo control radioscópico. Los balones utilizados eran en todos los casos semicompliantes, con un perfil de 5 mm, 6 mm ó 7 mm. Tras la dilatación se colocó stents tipo doble J de calibre y longitud en función del peso del paciente. Para obtener los resultados se analizan las ecografías y los renogramas diuréticos por lo menos 1 año después de la intervención. Resultados: La duración media de la intervención fue de 36,4±15,5 minutos. Durante la intervención, en 2 pacientes no fue posible la colocación del stent, El tiempo de ingreso fue de 48 horas en todos los pacientes excepto en 1 de ellos. Las necesidades analgésicas fueron exclusivamente AINES. El stent tipo doble J fue retirado mediante cistoscopia de manera ambulatoria. En 3 pacientes hubo complicaciones postoperatorias: una migración del stent, una ITU y un urinoma. La técnica fracasó en 1 paciente que necesitó de pieloplastia desmembrada. En los controles se observó la desaparición de la hidronefrosis en todos los casos, desapareciendo así mismo la dilatación de los cálices renales. El renograma diurético MAG-3 mejoró en todos los lactantes, siendo el patrón de la curva normal en 14 casos y semiobstructivo en 2. El tiempo medio de eliminación fue de 9,8±2,8 minutos. Conclusiones: Pensamos que la dilatación con balón es una técnica mínimamente agresiva que es posible realizar en pacientes menores de 1 año con buenos resultados y escasas complicaciones (AU)

Aim: In the last years it has spread minimally invasive therapeutic for the treatment of pyeloureteral junction obstruction in children. Some of them have got poor outcomes in 4-year-old minor children. We show our experience in the retrograde dilatation with balloon of high pressure in infants. Methods: It´s a retrospective study of 16 infants treated in our hospital. The average follow-up after the intervention is 27.4±10.0months. The diagnostic protocol included abdominal ultrasound, cystogram and diuretic renography. The treatment was realized by endourology retrograde balloon dilatation under fluoroscopy. The balloons were in all the cases semicompliant, with a profile of5 mm, 6 mm ó 7 mm. After the expansion there was placed stents type double J with profile and length depending on the weight of the patient. To obtain the results, we do ultrasound scans and diuretic renography at least 1 year after the intervention. Results: The mean duration of the intervention was 36.4±15.5 minutes. During the intervention, in 2 patients the placement of thestent was not possible. The time of revenue was 48 hours in all the patients except in 1 of them. The analgesic needs were exclusively non steroid antiinflammatorys. The double J stent was withdrawn with cystoscopy. In 3 patients there were postoperatory complications: a migration of the stent, a urinary infection and an urinoma. In 1 patient with worsening of hydronephrosis was needed of pyeloplasty. In the controls the disappearance of the hydronephrosis was observed in all the cases, eliminating likewise the expansion of the renal calyces. The diuretic renography improved in all babies, being the boss of the curve normal in 14 cases and semi obstructively in 2. The mean time of elimination was 9.8±2.8 minutes. Conclusions: We think that the balloon dilatation of pyeloureteral junction obstruction is a minimally aggressive technique that is possible to realize in infants with good results and scanty complications (AU)