Internet-of-things-integrated molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical nano-sensors for pesticide detection in the environment and food products.

To ensure environmental and health safety, relevant pollutants such as pesticides must be screened thoroughly to set their permissible limit. Various approaches have been used to identify pesticides such as capillary electrophoresis, gas and liquid-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and enzyme-linked immune-absorbent tests. However, these techniques have some drawbacks, including time-consuming difficult steps, expensive bulky equipment, expert personnel, and a lack of selectivity. Recent advances in the field of biosensing have introduced biosensors for the onsite detection of pesticides which offer several advantages including rapid, simple, selective, sensitive, low-cost operation, and on-site detection. With the advent of molecularly imprinted polymer which substituted the traditional biorecognition elements (BREs) such as enzymes and antibodies, biosensors' sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility enhanced many folds. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) are artificial polymer molecules that resemble natural BREs. They are synthesized when functional monomers are polymerized in the presence of a target analyte. Owing to the advantages of MIP, in this paper, the development of MIP-based electrochemical biosensors for pesticide detection is reviewed critically. A brief introduction to pesticides and the use of MIPs-based electrochemical sensors for pesticide detection is presented along with pros and cons. Further, Internet of Things (IoT) integrated MIP-based nanosensors for pesticide detection and information distribution have been discussed. In the end, future perspectives and challenges while implementing MIP-based nanosensors for onsite pesticide recognition have eventually been highlighted.

Miniaturized MXene-based electrochemical biosensors for virus detection.

The timely control of infectious diseases can prevent the spread of infections and mitigate the significant socio-economic damage witnessed during recent pandemics. Diagnostic methods play a significant role in detecting highly contagious agents, such as viruses, to prevent further transmission. The emergence of advanced point-of-care techniques offers several advantages over conventional approaches for detecting infectious agents. These techniques are highly sensitive, rapid, can be miniaturized, and are cost-effective. Recently, MXene-based 2D nanocomposites have proven beneficial for fabricating electrochemical biosensors due to their suitable electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. This article covers electrochemical biosensors based on MXene nanocomposite for the detection of viruses, along with the associated challenges and future possibilities. Additionally, we highlight various conventional techniques for the detection of infectious agents, discussing their pros and cons. We delve into the challenges faced during the fabrication of MXene-based biosensors and explore future endeavors. It is anticipated that the information presented in this work will pave the way for the development of Point-of-Care (POC) devices capable of sensitive and selective virus detection, enhancing preparedness for ongoing and future pandemics.

Multifunctional GQDs for receptor targeting, drug delivery, and bioimaging in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a low survival rate and limited treatment options. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have recently become popular as a promising platform for cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, such as biocompatibility, stability, and fluorescence. This review discusses the potential of multifunctional GQDs as a platform for receptor targeting, drug delivery, and bioimaging in pancreatic cancer. The current studies emphasized the ability of GQDs to selectively target pancreatic cancer cells by overexpressing binding receptors on the cell surface. Additionally, this review discussed the uses of GQDs as drug delivery vehicles for the controlled and targeted release of therapeutics for pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, the potential of GQDs as imaging agents for pancreatic cancer detection and monitoring has been discussed. Overall, multifunctional GQDs showed great promise as a versatile platform for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Further investigation of multifunctional GQDs in terms of their potential and optimization in the context of pancreatic cancer therapy is needed.

Green Synthesis of CdS and CdS/rGO Nanocomposites: Evaluation of Electrochemical, Antimicrobial, and Photocatalytic Properties.

The green approach has been employed for the synthesis of various types of nanomaterials including metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, and carbon-based nanomaterials. These processes involve natural sources that contain bioactive compounds that act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the formation and stabilization of nanomaterials. This study reports the green synthesis of CdS and CdS/rGO nanocomposites using Lactobacillus bacteria. The UV-visible spectrophotometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirm the synthesis of the nanocomposite. The electrochemical characterization using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and EIS revealed that the CdS/rGO nanocomposites showed a higher electron transfer rate compared with CdS nanoparticles, indicating the potential of the nanocomposites for biosensing applications. The zone of inhibition revealed significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus for both CdS nanoparticles and CdS/rGO nanocomposites. Additionally, CdS/rGO nanoparticles exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye. Overall, this study demonstrates that the synthesized CdS and CdS/rGO nanocomposites have good electrochemical properties, photocatalytic, and antimicrobial activity and, therefore, can be employed for various applications such as biosensing, photocatalysis, and antimicrobial activity.

COVID-19 associated thyroid dysfunction and other comorbidities and its management using phytochemical-based therapeutics: a natural way.

The present severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) mediated Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and post-COVID-19 complications affect human life drastically. Patients who have been cured of COVID-19 infection are now experiencing post-COVID-19 associated comorbidities, which have increased mortality rates. The SARS-CoV-2 infection distresses the lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and various endocrine glands, including the thyroid. The emergence of variants which includes Omicron (B.1.1.529) and its lineages threaten the world severely. Among different therapeutic approaches, phytochemical-based therapeutics are not only cost-effective but also have lesser side effects. Recently a plethora of studies have shown the therapeutic efficacy of various phytochemicals for the treatment of COVID-19. Besides this, various phytochemicals have been found efficacious in treating several inflammatory diseases, including thyroid-related anomalies. The method of the phytochemical formulation is quick and facile and the raw materials for such herbal preparations are approved worldwide for human use against certain disease conditions. Owing to the advantages of phytochemicals, this review primarily discusses the COVID-19-related thyroid dysfunction and the role of key phytochemicals to deal with thyroid anomaly and post-COVID-19 complications. Further, this review shed light on the mechanism via which COVID-19 and its related complication affect organ function of the body, along with the mechanistic insight into the way by which phytochemicals could help to cure post-COVID-19 complications in thyroid patients. Considering the advantages offered by phytochemicals as a safer and cost-effective medication they can be potentially used to combat COVID-19-associated comorbidities.

Internet-of-medical-things integrated point-of-care biosensing devices for infectious diseases: Toward better preparedness for futuristic pandemics.

Microbial pathogens have threatened the world due to their pathogenicity and ability to spread in communities. The conventional laboratory-based diagnostics of microbes such as bacteria and viruses need bulky expensive experimental instruments and skilled personnel which limits their usage in resource-limited settings. The biosensors-based point-of-care (POC) diagnostics have shown huge potential to detect microbial pathogens in a faster, cost-effective, and user-friendly manner. The use of various transducers such as electrochemical and optical along with microfluidic integrated biosensors further enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of detection. Additionally, microfluidic-based biosensors offer the advantages of multiplexed detection of analyte and the ability to deal with nanoliters volume of fluid in an integrated portable platform. In the present review, we discussed the design and fabrication of POCT devices for the detection of microbial pathogens which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The electrochemical techniques and current advances in this field in terms of integrated electrochemical platforms that include mainly microfluidic- based approaches and smartphone and Internet-of-things (IoT) and Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) integrated systems have been highlighted. Further, the availability of commercial biosensors for the detection of microbial pathogens will be briefed. In the end, the challenges while fabrication of POC biosensors and expected future advances in the field of biosensing have been discussed. The integrated biosensor-based platforms with the IoT/IoMT usually collect the data to track the community spread of infectious diseases which would be beneficial in terms of better preparedness for current and futuristic pandemics and is expected to prevent social and economic losses.

Cryopreservation: A Comprehensive Overview, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Cryopreservation is the most prevalent method of long-term cell preservation. Effective cell cryopreservation depends on freezing, adequate storage, and correct thawing techniques. Recent advances in cryopreservation techniques minimize the cellular damage which occurs while processing samples. This article focuses on the fundamentals of cryopreservation techniques and how they can be implemented in a variety of clinical settings. The article presents a brief description of each of the standard cryopreservation procedures, such as slow freezing and vitrification. Alongside that, the membrane permeating and nonpermeating cryoprotectants are briefly discussed, along with current advancements in the field of cryopreservation and variables influencing the cryopreservation process. The diminution of cryoinjury incurred by the cell via the resuscitation process will also be highlighted. In the end application of cryopreservation techniques in many fields, with a special emphasis on stem cell preservation techniques and current advancements presented. Furthermore, the challenges while implementing cryopreservation and the futuristic scope of the fields are illustrated herein. The content of this review sheds light on various ways to enhance the output of the cell preservation process and minimize cryoinjury while improving cell revival.

Structural alterations in cell organelles induced by photodynamic treatment with chlorin p6 -histamine conjugate in human oral carcinoma cells probed by 3D fluorescence microscopy.

We have explored the intracellular cell organelle's structural alterations after photodynamic treatment with chlorin p6 -histamine conjugate (Cp6 -his) in human oral cancer cells. Herein, the cells were treated with Cp6 -his (10 µm) and counterstained with organelle-specific fluorescence probes to find the site of intracellular localization using confocal microscopy. For photodynamic therapy (PDT), the cells were exposed to ~30 kJ/m2 red light (660 ± 20 nm) to induce ~90% cytotoxicity. We used the three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction approach to analyze the photodynamic damage to cell organelles. The result showed that Cp6 -his localized mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes but not in mitochondria and Golgi apparatus (GA). The 3D model revealed that in necrotic cells, PDT led to extensive fragmentation of ER and fragmentation and swelling of GA as well. Results suggest that the indirect damage to GA occurred due to loss of connection between ER and GA. Moreover, in damaged cells with no sign of necrosis, the perinuclear ER appeared condensed and surrounded by several small clumps at the peripheral region of the cell, and the GA was observed to form a single condensed structure. Since these structural changes were associated with apoptotic cell death, it is suggested that the necrotic and apoptotic death induced by PDT with Cp6 -his is determined by the severity of damage to ER and indirect damage to GA. The results suggest that the indirect damage to cell organelle apart from the sites of photosensitizer localization and the severity of damage at the organelle level contribute significantly to the mode of cell death in PDT.

MXene-based aptasensor for the detection of aflatoxin in food and agricultural products.

The detection of toxins that contaminate food needs highly sensitive and selective techniques to prevent substantial monitory loss. In this regard, various nanostructured material-enabled biosensors, have recently been developed to improve the detection of food toxins among them aflatoxin is the prevalent one. The biosensor-based detection of aflatoxin is quick, cheaper, and needs less skilled personnel, therefore overcoming the shortcomings of conventional techniques such as LC/MS-MS, HPLC, and ELISA assays. 2D MXenes manifest as an efficient material for biosensing due to their desirable biocompatibility, magnificent mechanical strength, easiness of surface functionalization, and tuneable optical and electronic features. Contrary to this, aptamers as biorecognition elements (BREs) possess high selectivity, sensitivity, and ease of synthesis when compared to conventional BREs. In this review, we explored the most cutting-edge aptamer-based MXene-enabled biosensing technologies for the detection of the most poisonous mycotoxins (i.e., Aflatoxins) in food and environmental matrices. The discussion begins with the synthesis processes and surface functionalization/modification of MXenes. Computational approaches for designing aptasensors and advanced data analysis based on artificial intelligence and machine learning with special emphasis over Internet-of-Thing integrated biosensing devices has been presented. Besides, the advantages of aptasensors over conventional methods along with their limitations have been briefed. Their benefits, drawbacks, and future potential are discussed concerning their analytical performance, utility, and on-site adaptability. Additionally, next-generation MXene-enabled biosensing technologies that provide end users with simple handling and improved sensitivity and selectivity have been emphasized. Owing to massive applicability, economic/commercial potential of MXene in current and future perspective have been highlighted. Finally, the existing difficulties are scrutinized and a roadmap for developing sophisticated biosensing technologies to detect toxins in various samples in the future is projected.

Biosensors based detection of novel biomarkers associated with COVID-19: Current progress and future promise.

The pandemic situation of COVID-19 has caused global alarm in health care, devastating loss of lives, strangled economy, and paralysis of normal livelihood. The high inter-individual transmission rate created havoc in the global community. Although tremendous efforts are pitching in from across the globe to understand this disease, the clinical features seemed to have a wide range including fever, cough, and fatigue are the prominent features. Congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, and diarrhea are other less common features observed. The challenge of this disease lies in the difficulty in maneuvering the clinical course causing severe complications. One of the major causative factors for multi-organ failure in patients with severe COVID-19 complications is systemic vasculitis and cytokine-mediated coagulation disorders. Hence, effective markers trailing the disease severity and disease prognosis are urgently required for prompt medical treatment. In this review article, we have emphasized currently identified inflammatory, hematological, immunological, and biochemical biomarkers of COVID-19. We also discussed currently available biosensors for the detection of COVID-19-associated biomarkers & risk factors and the detection methods as well as their performances. These could be effective tools for rapid and more promising diagnoses in the current pandemic situation. Effective biomarkers and their rapid, scalable, & sensitive detection might be beneficial for the prevention of serious complications and the clinical management of the disease.

3D printed human organoids: High throughput system for drug screening and testing in current COVID-19 pandemic.

In the current pandemic, scenario the world is facing a huge shortage of effective drugs and other prophylactic medicine to treat patients which created havoc in several countries with poor resources. With limited demand and supply of effective drugs, researchers rushed to repurpose the existing approved drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. The process of drug screening and testing is very costly and requires several steps for validation and treatment efficacy evaluation ranging from in-vitro to in-vivo setups. After these steps, a clinical trial is mandatory for the evaluation of treatment efficacy and side effects in humans. These processes enhance the overall cost and sometimes the lead molecule show adverse effects in humans and the trial ends up in the final stages. Recently with the advent of three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture which mimics the human tissue exactly the process of drug screening and testing can be done in a faster and cost-effective manner. Further 3D organoids prepared from stems cells taken from individuals can be beneficial for personalized drug therapy which could save millions of lives. This review discussed approaches and techniques for the synthesis of 3D-printed human organoids for drug screening. The key findings of the usage of organoids for personalized medicine for the treatment of COVID-19 have been discussed. In the end, the key challenges for the wide applicability of human organoids for drug screening with prospects of future orientation have been included.

Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Devices in Dealing with Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Emerging Solution.

Recent advances in microfluidics-based point-of-care testing (POCT) technology such as paper, array, and beads have shown promising results for diagnosing various infectious diseases. The fast and timely detection of viral infection has proven to be a critical step for deciding the therapeutic outcome in the current COVID-19 pandemic, which in turn not only enhances the patient survival rate but also reduces the disease-associated comorbidities. In the present scenario, rapid, noninvasive detection of the virus using low cost and high throughput microfluidics-based POCT devices embraces the advantages over existing diagnostic technologies, for which a centralized lab facility, expensive instruments, sample pretreatment, and skilled personnel are required. Microfluidic-based multiplexed POCT devices can be a boon for clinical diagnosis in developing countries that lacks a centralized health care system and resources. The microfluidic devices can be used for disease diagnosis and exploited for the development and testing of drug efficacy for disease treatment in model systems. The havoc created by the second wave of COVID-19 led several countries' governments to the back front. The lack of diagnostic kits, medical devices, and human resources created a huge demand for a technology that can be remotely operated with single touch and data that can be analyzed on a phone. Recent advancements in information technology and the use of smartphones led to a paradigm shift in the development of diagnostic devices, which can be explored to deal with the current pandemic situation. This review sheds light on various approaches for the development of cost-effective microfluidics POCT devices. The successfully used microfluidic devices for COVID-19 detection under clinical settings along with their pros and cons have been discussed here. Further, the integration of microfluidic devices with smartphones and wireless network systems using the Internet-of-things will enable readers for manufacturing advanced POCT devices for remote disease management in low resource settings.

Next-Generation Intelligent MXene-Based Electrochemical Aptasensors for Point-of-Care Cancer Diagnostics.

Delayed diagnosis of cancer using conventional diagnostic modalities needs to be addressed to reduce the mortality rate of cancer. Recently, 2D nanomaterial-enabled advanced biosensors have shown potential towards the early diagnosis of cancer. The high surface area, surface functional groups availability, and excellent electrical conductivity of MXene make it the 2D material of choice for the fabrication of advanced electrochemical biosensors for disease diagnostics. MXene-enabled electrochemical aptasensors have shown great promise for the detection of cancer biomarkers with a femtomolar limit of detection. Additionally, the stability, ease of synthesis, good reproducibility, and high specificity offered by MXene-enabled aptasensors hold promise to be the mainstream diagnostic approach. In this review, the design and fabrication of MXene-based electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers have been discussed. Besides, various synthetic processes and useful properties of MXenes which can be tuned and optimized easily and efficiently to fabricate sensitive biosensors have been elucidated. Further, futuristic sensing applications along with challenges will be deliberated herein.

Phytochemicals-based targeting RdRp and main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using docking and steered molecular dynamic simulation: A promising therapeutic approach for Tackling COVID-19.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide and caused substantial socio-economic losses. Few successful vaccine candidates have been approved against SARS-CoV-2; however, their therapeutic efficacy against the mutated strains of the virus remains questionable. Furthermore, the limited supply of vaccines and promising antiviral drugs have created havoc in the present scenario. Plant-based phytochemicals (bioactive molecules) are promising because of their low side effects and high therapeutic value. In this study, we aimed to screen for suitable phytochemicals with higher therapeutic value using the two most crucial proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and main protease (Mpro). We used computational tools such as molecular docking and steered molecular dynamics simulations to gain insights into the different types of interactions and estimated the relative binding forces between the phytochemicals and their respective targets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that not only involves a search for a therapeutic bioactive molecule but also sheds light on the mechanisms underlying target inhibition in terms of calculations of force and work needed to extractthe ligand from the pocket of its target. The complexes showing higher binding forces were subjected to 200 ns molecular dynamic simulations to check the stability of the ligand inside the binding pocket. Our results suggested that isoskimmiwallin and terflavin A are potential inhibitors of RdRp, whereas isoquercitrin and isoorientin are the lead molecules against Mpro. Collectively, our findings could potentially aid in the development of novel therapeutics against COVID-19.

3D Printing: Advancement in Biogenerative Engineering to Combat Shortage of Organs and Bioapplicable Materials.

Abstract: Organ or cell transplantation is medically evaluated for end-stage failure saving or extending the lives of thousands of patients who are suffering from organ failure disorders. The unavailability of adequate organs for transplantation to meet the existing demand is a major challenge in the medical field. This led to day-day-increase in the number of patients on transplant waiting lists as well as in the number of patients dying while on the queue. Recently, technological advancements in the field of biogenerative engineering have the potential to regenerate tissues and, in some cases, create new tissues and organs. In this context, major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine which have a huge impact on the scientific community is three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. Besides this, the decellularization of organs and using this as a scaffold for generating new organs through the recellularization process shows promising results. This review discussed about current approaches for tissue and organ engineering including methods of scaffold designing, recent advances in 3D bioprinting, organs regenerated successfully using 3D printing, and extended application of 3D bioprinting technique in the field of medicine. Besides this, information about commercially available 3D printers has also been included in this article. Lay Summary: Today's need for organs for the transplantation process in order to save a patient's life or to enhance the survival rate of diseased one is the prime concern among the scientific community. Recent, advances in the field of biogenerative engineering have the potential to regenerate tissues and create organs compatible with the patient's body. In this context, major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine which have a huge impact on the scientific community is three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. Besides this, the decellularization of organs and using this as a scaffold for generating new organs through the recellularization process shows promising results. This review dealt with the current approaches for tissue and organ engineering including methods of scaffold designing, recent advances in 3D bioprinting, organs regenerated successfully using 3D printing, and extended application of 3D bioprinting technique in the field of medicine. Furthermore, information about commercially available 3D printers has also been included in this article.

High throughput molecularly imprinted polymers based electrochemical nanosensors for point-of-care diagnostics of COVID-19.

The importance of early diagnosis of infectious disease has been revealed well by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current methods for testing SARS-CoV-2 mainly utilize biorecognition elements. The process of production of these biorecognition elements is not only tedious, time-consuming but also costly. The molecularly imprinted polymers recently have gained considerable attention as they are stable and also offer high selectivity and specificity than conventional labels. The present review discussed the MIPs-based electrochemical nano-sensors diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2.

Immunoinformatics and molecular modeling approach to design universal multi-epitope vaccine for SARS-CoV-2.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic human coronavirus that caused a pandemic situation of acute respiratory syndrome, called COVID-19, which has posed a significant threat to global health security. The aim of the present study is to computationally design an effective peptide-based multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) against SARS-CoV-2. The overall model quality of the vaccine candidate, immunogenicity, allergenicity, and physiochemical analysis have been conducted and validated. Molecular dynamics studies confirmed the stability of the candidate vaccine. The docked complexes during the simulation revealed a strong and stable binding interactions of MEV with human and mice toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR3 and TLR4. Finally, candidate vaccine codons have been optimized for their in silico cloning in E. coli expression system, to confirm increased expression. The proposed MEV can be a potential candidate against SARS-CoV-2, but experimental validation is needed to ensure its safety and immunogenicity status.

Biosensor-based diagnostic approaches for various cellular biomarkers of breast cancer: A comprehensive review.

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer among women which leads to thousands of deaths worldwide. The chances of survival are more if the breast cancer is diagnosed at early stage. At present, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and tissue biopsies are the main diagnostic techniques available for the detection of breast cancer. However, despite of offering promising results, requirement of expensive setup, skilled supervision, expert analysis, invasive procedure (biopsy) and low capacity of multiplexing are the main limitations of these diagnostic techniques. Due to high cost, these screening tests are out of reach of people belonging to low socioeconomic groups and this poses serious health burden to the society. Recently, biosensor-based diagnostic technology for early detection of various types of cancers and other non-oncological disorders have gained considerable attention because of their several advantageous features over existing diagnostic technologies such as high throughput, noninvasive nature, cost effectiveness, easy interpretable results and capacity for multiplexing. Further, biosensors can be designed for biomarkers which are confined to particular type of cancer. In this review, we have discussed about various genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers associated with breast cancer, various biosensors-based diagnostic approaches designed for detection of specific biomarkers associated with breast cancer are also described. Further, this review throws insight on various biomarkers linked with breast cancer which can be effectively exploited to develop new diagnostic technology. The assessment of these biomarkers associated with BC using biosensors in large population are cost-effective, non-invasive and high throughput. They help in risk assessment of disease at very initial stage even in backward areas and also help to lower the disease burden of society and economic cost of treatment for a common man. This review would provide new avenues for the development of biosensor based diagnostic technology for the detection of biomarkers associated with breast cancer.

Point-of-Care Biosensor-Based Diagnosis of COVID-19 Holds Promise to Combat Current and Future Pandemics.

Efficient and rapid detection of viruses plays an extremely important role in disease prevention, diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. Early screening of viral infection among the population has the potential to combat the spread of infection. However, the traditional methods of virus detection being used currently, such as plate culturing and quantitative RT-PCR, give promising results, but they are time-consuming and require expert analysis and costly equipment and reagents; therefore, they are not affordable by people in low socio-economic groups in developing countries. Further, mass or bulk testing chosen by many governments to tackle the pandemic situation has led to severe shortages of testing kits and reagents and hence are affecting the demand and supply chain drastically. We tried to include all the reported current scenario-based biosensors such as electrochemical, optical, and microfluidics, which have the potential to replace mainstream diagnostic methods and therefore could pave the way to combat COVID-19. Apart from this, we have also provided information on commercially available biosensors for detection of SARS-CoV-2 along with the challenges in development of better diagnostic approaches. It is therefore expected that the content of this review will help researchers to design and develop more sensitive advanced commercial biosensor devices for early diagnosis of viral infection, which can open up avenues for better and more specific therapeutic outcomes.