Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the load and bar position on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity during squat exercise. High bar back squats (HBBS) and low bar back squats (LBBS) were performed in random order at 50%, 60%, and 70% loads of one repetition maximum by 28 experienced healthy adult men who had been performing squats for at least one year. Before the experiment, the maximal voluntary contraction of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles was measured by means of surface electromyography. In addition, eccentric and concentric exercises were performed for 3 s each to measure the muscle activity. There was a significant difference in muscle activity according to the load for all muscles in the eccentric and concentric phases (p < 0.05), indicating that muscle activity increased as the load increased. In addition, in the comparison between HBBS and LBBS, significant differences were shown in all lower extremity muscles and all trunk muscles except for the external oblique in the concentric phase according to the bar position (p < 0.05). HBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the lower extremity in the eccentric and concentric phases than in LBBS, while LBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the trunk muscle in the eccentric and concentric phases than in HBBS (p < 0.05). HBBS requires more force in the lower extremity than LBBS and is particularly advantageous in strengthening the muscular strength of the quadriceps. In contrast, LBBS requires more muscle activity in the trunk than HBBS and is more effective in carrying heavier loads because of the advantage of body stability. This study suggests that rehabilitation experts apply the bar position and load as important variables affecting the intensity and method of training for target muscle strengthening of the lower extremities and trunk.

Low 6-Minute Walk Distance and Muscle Mass Predict Drop out in Cardiac Rehabilitation.

Cardiac rehabilitation after percutaneous coronary intervention decreases recurrence and mortality but has a high dropout rate. The aim of this study is to identify dropout predictors by comparing the characteristics of complete and dropout patients in cardiac rehabilitation. The study included 593 patients (455 men and 138 women) who received percutaneous coronary intervention and were enrolled in a 1-year cardiac rehabilitation program consisting of home-based cardiac rehabilitation with three center visits. Dropout was defined as participation in the first center visit but not the second or third center visits. Blood lipids, quality of life, socioeconomic status, and 6-minute walk distance measurements at the first visit were compared between participants who completed and dropped out of cardiac rehabilitation. For both men and women, the dropout rate significantly correlated with a low 6-minute walk distance and low muscle mass ratio. The dropout rate was significantly higher for men, but not women, with low education and low income. However, the dropout rate was decreased for women, but not men, with low blood pressure and triglycerides. An improved understanding of the characteristics of participants and the cardiac rehabilitation dropout rate are expected to contribute to the development of cardiac rehabilitation strategies that decrease patient dropout.

Pristimerin, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, attenuates tumorigenesis in experimental colitis-associated colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pristimerin is a quinonemethide triterpenoid with anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-protozoal activity. However, the therapeutic role of pristimerin in colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis is unknown. PURPOSE: We sought to examine the therapeutic effects of pristimerin on colitis-associated colon cancer induced in mice using azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The goal was to identify the potential mechanism of action underlying the pharmacological activity of pristimerin. METHODS: BALB/c mice were injected with AOM and administered 2% DSS in drinking water. The mice were fed with a diet supplemented with pristimerin (1 to 5 ppm), and colonic tissue was collected at 64 days. The inflammatory status of the colon was assessed by determining the levels of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines using Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR analyses. Markers of proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were identified in the colon tissues immunohistochemically. The levels of cell cycle-, apoptosis-, and signaling-related proteins were detected by Western blot in colon tissues. RESULTS: Administration of pristimerin significantly reduced the formation of colonic tumors. Western blot and immunohistological analyses revealed that dietary pristimerin markedly reduced NF-κB-positive cells and levels of inflammation-related proteins in colon tissue. Pristimerin also reduced cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and decreased the phosphorylation of AKT and FOXO3a in colon tissue. CONCLUSION: Pristimerin administration decreased inflammation and proliferation induced by AOM/DSS in colon tissue. It also induced apoptosis and regulated the AKT/FOXO3a signaling pathway. Overall, this study indicates the potential value of pristimerin in suppressing colon tumorigenesis.

The effects of Kinesiotape on acute lateral ankle sprain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Ankle sprains are some of the most frequent injuries of the musculoskeletal system. However, there is no substantive evidence supporting which treatment strategy is superior. Taping with Kinesiotape (KT) is a new method that is used as an alternative to the more established taping and bracing techniques used for the prophylaxis and treatment of ankle sprains. The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of KT on ankle sprain by comparing acupuncture combined with KT (AcuKT) with acupuncture alone in patients with acute lateral ankle sprains. METHODS/DESIGN: This study is a prospective, multi-center (DongShin University Gwangju Oriental Hospital, DongShin University Mokpo Oriental Hospital, and KyungHee Korean Medicine Hospital), outcome assessor-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Participants (n = 60) with a lateral ankle sprain occurring within 1 week of the study will be randomly assigned to either an acupuncture group (n = 10 at each center (total n = 30)) or an AcuKT group (n = 10 at each center (total n = 30)). The acupuncture group will receive acupuncture treatment at ST36, ST41, BL60, BL62, KI3, KI6, GB39, and GB40 once per day, 5 days per week (excluding Saturday and Sunday) for 1 week. The AcuKT group will receive acupuncture treatment at ST36, ST41, BL60, BL62, KI3, KI6, GB39, and GB40 and the ankle meridian tendino-musculature and a figure-of-eight shape form of KT treatment once per day, 5 days per week (excluding Saturday and Sunday) for 1 week. The primary outcome will be pain evaluation assessed according to a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), while Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), edema, European Quality of Life Five Dimension-Five Level Scale (EQ-5D-5 L) score, and number of recurrent ankle sprains will be considered as secondary outcome measures. VAS, FAOS, and edema measurements will be performed at baseline (before intervention), 5 days after the first intervention (i.e., at the end of the intervention), and 4 weeks after the completion of intervention. EQ-5D-5 L measurements will be conducted at baseline, 5 days after the first intervention, 4 weeks after the completion of intervention, and 26 weeks after the completion of intervention. The number of recurrent ankle sprains will be determined at 4, 8, 12, and 26 weeks after the completion of the intervention. DISCUSSION: This study will provide data regarding the efficacy of KT for the treatment of acute lateral ankle sprain. The results may lead to insights into the usefulness of KT in the treatment of acute lateral ankle sprain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: cris.nih.go.kr, ID: KCT0002257. Registered on 27 February 2017, and approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (Medical Device Clinical Trial Plan Approval #737).

Assessing the quality of reports about randomized controlled trials of scalp acupuncture combined with another treatment for stroke.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to assess the quality of reporting on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of scalp acupuncture for the treatment of stroke. METHODS: The following 8 databases were systematically investigated from their inception to December 2015: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, National Institute of Informatics Scholarly and Academic Information Navigator, National Digital Science Library, Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal, and Korean Studies Information Service System. RCTs utilizing scalp acupuncture as an intervention for stroke were selected, and the quality of reports was assessed based on the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials 2010 statement (CONSORT) and Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture 2010 (STRICTA). For each study, the overall quality score (OQS) of 13 CONSORT items, a combined key methodological index score (MIS) of 5 CONSORT items, and the OQS of 17 STRICTA items were measured. RESULTS: The original reports of 63 RCTs were ultimately obtained, and the median CONSORT OQS was 7 (minimum 2, maximum 11). Particularly, the items 'trial design', 'sample size', 'ancillary analyses', and 'harms' had a positive rate of less than 10%. The median MIS was 1 (minimum 0, maximum 5), with 'allocation concealment and implementation' and 'intent-to-treat analysis (ITT) analysis' having a positive rate of less than 10%. The median STRICTA OQS was 11 (minimum 6, maximum 14), and only the items 'sample size' and 'intent-to-treat analysis' were reported, with a positive rate of less than 10%. The mean CONSORT OQS increased by approximately 0.81 for each 5-year period in which manuscripts were published (95% confidence interval: 0.43 to 1.19; p < 0.001). No variable was significantly associated with MIS in the ordinal regression model. CONCLUSION: The quality of reports on RCTs investigating scalp acupuncture treatment for stroke was moderate to low. Furthermore, reporting of some items was either insufficient or inadequate in the majority of studies. In order to improve and standardize the quality of RCTs investigating scalp acupuncture for stroke, CONSORT and STRICTA guidelines should be utilized more frequently.

Assessing the quality of reports about randomized controlled trials of scalp acupuncture treatment for vascular dementia.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of reports about randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of scalp acupuncture (SA) for the treatment of vascular dementia (VD). METHOD: A systematic search of reports published through to December 2015 was performed in eight databases. The quality of RCTs that used SA as an intervention for VD was evaluated based on the 2010 Consolidated Standards for Reporting of Trials (CONSORT) and 2010 Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) guidelines. Thirteen items from the CONSORT guideline were scored to give an overall quality score (OQS, range 0-13), and a combined key methodological index score (MIS) (range 0-5) of five key methodological items was measured. The OQS of 17 items from the STRICTA guideline (range 0-17) was also measured. RESULTS: In total, 26 reports were evaluated. The median OQS based on the CONSORT guideline was 8 (minimum 5, maximum 11), and "trial design," "sample size," "ancillary analyses," and "harms" had a positive rate of less than 10%. The median MIS was 2 (minimum 0, maximum 5), with "allocation concealment and implementation," "blinding," and "intent-to-treat analysis" having a positive rate of less than 15%. The median OQS based on the STRICTA guideline was 12 (minimum 8, maximum 14), with "extent to which treatment was varied (1c)," "number of needle insertions per subject per session (2a)," and "setting and context of treatment (4b)" having a positive rate of less than 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The overall quality of reports on RCTs of SA treatment for VD was moderate to low. The quality of methodological items was markedly lower than that of other items. The CONSORT and STRICTA guidelines should be used more frequently to standardize the quality of RCT reports of SA treatment for VD.

Novel genes in brain tissues of EAE-induced normal and obese mice: Upregulation of metal ion-binding protein genes in obese-EAE mice.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system resulting from degeneration of the myelin sheath. This study is aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the brain of EAE-induced normal diet (ND) mice and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, and to identify novel genes responsible for elucidating the mechanism of the disease. Purified mRNA samples from the brain tissue were analyzed for gene microarray and validated by real-time RT-PCR. DEGs were identified if significant changes greater than 1.5-fold or less than 0.66-fold were observed (p<0.05). Pathway construction and functional categorization were performed using the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways and gene ontology (GO) analysis. HFD-EAE mice showed more severe disease symptoms than ND-EAE mice. From GO study, fold changes of HFD-EAE to ND-EAE genes indicated that the genes were significantly associated to the pathways related with the immune response, antigen presentation, and complement activation. The genes related with metal ion-binding proteins were upregulated in HFD-EAE and ND-EAE mice. Upregulation of Cul9, Mast2, and C4b expression is significantly higher in HFD-EAE mice than ND-EAE mice. Cul9, Mast2, C4b, Psmb8, Ly86, and Ms4a6d were significantly upregulated in both ND- and HFD-EAE mice. Fcgr4, S3-12, Gca, and Zdhhc4 were upregulated only in ND-EAE, and Xlr4b was upregulated only in HFD-EAE mice. And significant upregulated genes of metal ion-binding proteins (Cul9 and Mast2) were observed in HFD-EAE mice.

Scalp acupuncture and electromagnetic convergence stimulation for patients with cerebral infarction: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Scalp acupuncture (SA) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are effective for treating cerebral infarction. This study aims to examine the efficacy and safety of SA and electromagnetic convergence stimulation (SAEM-CS), which was developed through collaboration between conventional medical physicians and doctors who practice traditional Korean medicine. SAEM-CS was designed to improve function in patients with cerebral infarction, compared to the improvement after conventional stroke rehabilitation, SA, and rTMS therapeutic approaches. METHODS/DESIGN: This study is a prospective, outcome assessor-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial with a 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio. Participants with motion or sensory disabilities caused by a first-time cerebral infarction (n = 60) that had occurred within 1 month of the study onset will be randomly assigned to control, SA, rTMS, or SAEM-CS groups. All groups will receive two sessions of conventional rehabilitation treatment per day. The SA group will receive SA on the upper limb area of MS6 and MS7 (at the lesional hemisphere) for 20 min, the rTMS group will receive low-frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS) treatment on the hot spot of the M1 region (motor cortex at the contralesional hemisphere) for 20 min, and the SAEM-CS group will receive LF-rTMS over the contralesional M1 region hot spot while receiving simultaneous SA stimulation on the lesional upper limb area of MS6 and MS7 for 20 min. SA, rTMS, and SAEM-CS treatments will be conducted once/day, 5 days/week (excluding Saturdays and Sundays) for 3 weeks, for a total of 15 sessions. The primary outcome will be evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, while other scales assessing cognitive function, activities of daily living, walking, quality of life, and stroke severity are considered secondary outcome measures. Outcome measurements will be conducted at baseline (before intervention), 3 weeks after the first intervention (end of intervention), and 4 weeks after intervention completion. DISCUSSION: This study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of SAEM-CS on cerebral infarction. Collaborative research combined traditional Korean and conventional medicines, which can be useful in developing new treatment technologies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: KCT0001768 . Registered on 14 January 2016.

Dependency of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Induction on MOG35-55 Properties Modulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Interleukin-6.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is commonly induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55; occasionally, EAE is not well induced despite MOG35-55 immunization. To confirm that EAE induction varies with difference in MOG35-55 properties, we compared three MOG35-55 from different commercial sources, which are MOG-A, MOG-B, and MOG-C. The peptides induced EAE disease with 100, 40, and 20 % incidence, respectively. Compared with others, MOG-A showed higher peptide purity (99.2 %) and content (92.2 %) and presented a sheet shape with additional sodium and chloride chemical elements. In MOG-A-treated group, MMP-9 activity and IL-6 levels were considerably higher than the other groups in CNS tissues, and significantly increased VCAM-1, IFN-γ, and decreased IL-4 were also shown compared to MOG-B- and/or MOG-C-treated group. In conclusion, the immunological and toxicological changes by the difference in MOG35-55 properties modulate EAE induction, and MOG35-55 which affects MMP-9 activity and IL-6 levels may be the most effective EAE-inducing antigen. This study can be potentially applied by researchers using MOG35-55 peptide and manufacturers for MOG35-55 synthesis.

Zerumbone, Sesquiterpene Photochemical from Ginger, Inhibits Angiogenesis.

Here, we investigated the role of zerumbone, a natural cyclic sesquiterpene of Zingiber zerumbet Smith, on angiogenesis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Zerumbone inhibited HUVECs proliferation, migration and tubule formation, as well as angiogenic activity by rat aorta explants. In particular, zerumbone inhibited phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, which are key regulators of endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. In vivo matrigel plug assay in mice demonstrated significant decrease in vascularization and hemoglobin content in the plugs from zerumbone-treated mice, compared with control mice. Overall, these results suggest that zerumbone inhibits various attributes of angiogenesis, which might contribute to its reported antitumor effects.

(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, a novel licochalcone B derivative compound, suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory reactions in RAW264.7 cells and endotoxin shock in mice.

Activated macrophages mediate inflammation, as they release nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines in various inflammatory diseases. Suppressing macrophage activation may alleviate inflammatory processes. Here, we report that (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (DDP), a novel licochalcone B derivative compound, inhibits inflammatory reactions in macrophages and protects mice from endotoxin shock. In vitro experiments showed that DDP suppressed the generation of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1 and simultaneously inhibited its upstream inflammatory signaling cascades in lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 cells. In an animal model, DDP protected BALB/c mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock, possibly through inhibition of the production of inflammatory cytokines. DDP inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators and may be a potential target for treatment of various inflammatory diseases.

Simple quantitation of formoterol and 11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in doping control.

11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) and formoterol are newly revised prohibited threshold substances (150 ng/mL for THC-COOH and 40 ng/mL for formoterol) by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In continuation of our direct quantitation work of the prohibited threshold substances, direct LC-MS/MS methods combined with a simple sample preparation procedure have been developed and validated for the measurement of these two threshold substances in urine samples. After the enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples, the resulting samples were diluted with acetonitrile and centrifuged. The supernatant was directly analyzed by LC-MS/MS using the selected reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curve range of the assay was ranged over 50-200% of the threshold value according to WADA guidelines. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 6.1 and 18.4 ng/mL for THC-COOH and 2.0 and 6.2 ng/mL for formoterol, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precisions were between 2.08% and 7.28% and the accuracies ranged from 95.16% to 104.49%. The present methods were successfully applied to the analysis of the proficiency test samples.

The cold signaling attenuator HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE1 activates FLOWERING LOCUS C transcription via chromatin remodeling under short-term cold stress in Arabidopsis.

Exposure to short-term cold stress delays flowering by activating the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The cold signaling attenuator HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE1 (HOS1) negatively regulates cold responses. Notably, HOS1-deficient mutants exhibit early flowering, and FLC expression is suppressed in the mutants. However, it remains unknown how HOS1 regulates FLC expression. Here, we show that HOS1 induces FLC expression by antagonizing the actions of FVE and its interacting partner histone deacetylase 6 (HDA6) under short-term cold stress. HOS1 binds to FLC chromatin in an FVE-dependent manner, and FVE is essential for the HOS1-mediated activation of FLC transcription. HOS1 also interacts with HDA6 and inhibits the binding of HDA6 to FLC chromatin. Intermittent cold treatments induce FLC expression by activating HOS1, which attenuates the activity of HDA6 in silencing FLC chromatin, and the effects of intermittent cold are diminished in hos1 and fve mutants. These observations indicate that HOS1 acts as a chromatin remodeling factor for FLC regulation under short-term cold stress.

Higher white blood cell counts are associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome and more severe psychopathology in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Unequivocal evidence has emerged linking inflammation to the risk of metabolic problems. Previous research also has suggested a relationship between inflammation and schizophrenia. The present study examined whether white blood cell count (WBC), a marker of systemic inflammation, is associated with metabolic syndrome and psychiatric symptoms in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Outpatients 19 to 75 years old diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in a multi-center, cross-sectional study. Vital signs and anthropometric measures were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected to determine levels of glucose, lipids and WBC. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). RESULTS: In the sample of 199 patients, multiple logistic regression showed that WBC (log transformed) strongly predicted the condition of metabolic syndrome after potential confounding variables including age, gender, race, age of illness onset, family history of diabetes, smoking status and antipsychotic agent used were taken into consideration (odds ratio 47.2, 95% CI 3.4-658.7, p=0.004). On the other hand, significant correlations were found between WBC (log transformed) and BPRS-total score (r=0.18, p=0.014), negative symptom score (r=0.15, p=0.039) as well as anxious depression factor score (r=0.21, p=0.004) after potential confounding variables were taken into consideration. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that WBC, a simple, readily available and inexpensive measure, may potentially be a useful marker to predict an increased risk for metabolic syndrome and more severe psychiatric symptoms in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.