ABSTRACT
The actin-based cytoskeleton is considered a fundamental driving force for cell differentiation and development. Destrin (Dstn), a member of the actin-depolymerizing factor family, regulates actin dynamics by treadmilling actin filaments and increasing globular actin pools. However, the specific developmental roles of dstn have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the physiological functions of dstn during early embryonic development using Xenopus laevis as an experimental model organism. dstn is expressed in anterior neural tissue and neural plate during Xenopus embryogenesis. Depleting dstn promoted morphants with short body axes and small heads. Moreover, dstn inhibition extended the neural plate region, impairing cell migration and distribution during neurulation. In addition to the neural plate, dstn knockdown perturbed neural crest cell migration. Our data suggest new insights for understanding the roles of actin dynamics in embryonic neural development, simultaneously presenting a new challenge for studying the complex networks governing cell migration involving actin dynamics.
Subject(s)
Cell Movement , Destrin , Embryonic Development , Xenopus laevis , Animals , Xenopus laevis/embryology , Xenopus laevis/metabolism , Destrin/metabolism , Destrin/genetics , Xenopus Proteins/metabolism , Xenopus Proteins/genetics , Neural Crest/metabolism , Neural Crest/embryology , Neural Crest/cytology , Neurogenesis , Neural Plate/metabolism , Neural Plate/embryology , Actins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify differences between the dynamic ranges (DRs) of male and female speakers using Korean standard sentence material. Consideration was especially given to effects within the predefined segmentalized frequency-bands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used Korean standard sentence lists for adults as stimuli. Each sentence was normalized to a root-mean-square of 65 dB sound pressure level. The sentences were then modified to ensure there were no pauses, and the modified sentences were passed through a filter bank in order to perform the frequency analysis. Finally, the DR was quantified using a histogram that showed the cumulative envelope distribution levels of the speech in each frequency band. RESULTS: In DRs that were averaged across all frequency bands, there were no significant differences between the male and the female speakers. However, when considering effects within the predefined frequency bands, there were significant differences in several frequency bands between the DRs of male speech and those of female speech. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the DR of speech for the male speaker differed from the female speaker in nine frequency bands among 21 frequency bands. These observed differences suggest that a standardized DR of male speech in the band-audibility function of the speech intelligibility index may differ from that of female speech derived in the same way. Further studies are required to derive standardized DRs for Korean speakers.