ABSTRACT
The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa, caused by Ebola virus (Zaire Ebola virus species), is the largest outbreak of EVD in history. It cause hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates with high mortality rate up to 90% and can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, body fluids, skin of EVD patients or persons who have died of EVD. As of December 17, 2014, 450 healthcare personnel are known to have been infected with Ebola, of whom 244 died. For development of Ebola vaccine and treatment are highly difficult due to its dangerous and accessibility that requires biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) to conduct experiment. Also there is no specific vaccine and treatment for Ebola virus; however, many candidate vaccines and antiviral-drugs such as ZMapp and TKM-Ebola are being developed for Ebola virus disease. In this review, we focus on the epidemiology of 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus and candidate agent for preventing and curing from Ebola virus.
ABSTRACT
H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) causes respiratory diseases in the horse population, and it has been demonstrated that EIV can transmit into dogs owing to its availability on receptors of canine respiratory epithelial cells. Recently, we isolated H3N8 EIV from an EIV-vaccinated horse that showed symptoms of respiratory disease, and which has a partially truncated nonstructural gene (NS). However, it is not clear that the NS-truncated EIV has an ability to cross the host species barrier from horses to dogs as well. Here, we experimentally infected the NS-truncated H3N8 EIV into dogs, and monitored their clinical signs and viral load in respiratory organs to determine the virus's transmissibility.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/virology , Horse Diseases/virology , Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/pathogenicity , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Dog Diseases/immunology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Horses , Host Specificity , Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/isolation & purification , Lung/pathology , Lung/ultrastructure , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Viral Load/veterinaryABSTRACT
We analyzed the complete genome sequence containing the 3' and 5' noncoding regions (NCRs) of H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) with the matrix gene from the pandemic A/H1N1 virus, which will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis, transmission, and evolution of variant CIV.