Humoral immune response profile of a cattle herd vaccinated with 5- and 10-times Bakirköy strain sheep pox vaccine under field conditions.

Vaccination is the most effective control measure for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). The Bakirköy strain-derived sheep pox vaccine (SPPV) has been used against LSD in Türkiye since 2013. In this study, a cattle herd was vaccinated with SPPV and 35 cattle, of which 9 and 26 received 10 and 5 sheep doses, respectively, were followed for 200 days for humoral immune responses. Additionally, maternal antibodies in colostrum-fed calves were investigated. The humoral immune responses of naive and previously vaccinated cattle were compared to determine the effects of annual re-vaccination. Furthermore, the compatibility of the VNT and ELISA tests was analyzed. According to the results, on day 30 post-vaccination, 19 and 13 out of 35 cattle were positive for VNT and ELISA, respectively. The number of seropositive cattle was higher in the group that had been vaccinated in previous years than in naive cattle. No significant differences were observed in the number of positive cattle between the groups vaccinated with the 5- and 10- doses. In colostrum-fed calves grouped according to age, the seropositivity rate was 87 % (41/47) in the one-week-old group, while this rate was only 18 % (3/16) in the 3-month-old group. It was determined that vaccination at different stages in the last four months of pregnancy did not cause any difference in the number of seropositive calves in one-week-old calves fed with colostrum. The concordance between VNT and ELISA tests was lower in 5-dose vaccinated group than 10-dose vaccinated and colostrum-fed calves groups. This study provides insights into the effect of the vaccination strategy followed by Türkiye during its combat of LSD and revealed that annual repeated vaccination using heterologous vaccine has significant positive effects on humoral immun response at the herd level.

In vitro multitarget activity of sulfadiazine substituted triazenes as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and larvicidal agents.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) causes difficulties in the treatment of infections and cancer. Research and development studies have become increasingly important for the strategy of preventing MDR. There is a need for new multitarget drug research and advancement to reduce the development of drug resistance in drug-drug interactions and reduce cost and toxic effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of multi-target triazene compounds on antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic, and larvicidal activities were investigated in vitro. A series of 12 novel of 1,3-diaryltriazene-substituted sulfadiazine (SDZ) derivatives were synthesized, and the obtained pure products characterized in detail by spectroscopic and analytic methods (FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and melting points). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these derivatives (AH1-12) were determined by broth microdilution method. All derivatives have been evaluated in cell-based assays for cytotoxic and antiviral activities against Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara. The larvicidal efficacy of these chemical compounds was also investigated by using Lucilia sericata (L. sericata) larvae. Twelve 1,3-diaryltriazene-substituted SDZ derivatives (AH1-12) were designed and developed as potent multitargeted compounds. Among them, the AH1 derivative showed the most antibacterial and antifungal activity. Besides, synthesized derivatives AH2, AH3, AH5, and AH7 showed higher antiviral activity than SDZ. All synthesized derivatives showed higher cytotoxic activity than SDZ. Also, they showed larvicidal activity at 72 h of the experiment. As a result, these compounds might be great leads for the development of next-generation multitargeted agents.