ABSTRACT
The inexorable process of climate change in terms of the rise in minimum (nighttime) temperature delineates its huge impact on crop plants. It can affect the yield and quality of various crops. We investigated the effect of high night temperature (HNT) (+2.3 °C over ambient) from booting to physiological maturity on the yield parameters, grain growth rate (GGR), starch content, composition, and flour rheological properties in early (HI 1544, HI 1563) and late-maturing (HD 2932) wheat genotypes. The change in yield under HNT was highly correlated with grain number per plant (r = 0.740 ***) and hundred-grain weight (r = 0.628 **), although the reduction in grain weight was not significantly different. This was also reflected as an insignificant change in starch content (except in HI 1544). Under HNT, late-sown genotypes (HI 1563 and HD 2932) maintained high GGR compared to the timely sown (HI 1544) genotype during the early period of grain growth (5 to 10 days after anthesis), which declined during the later phase of grain development. The increased rheological properties under HNT can be attributed to a significant reduction in the amylose to amylopectin (AMY/AMP) ratio in early-maturity genotypes (HI 1544 and HI 1563). The AMY/AMP ratio was positively correlated to flour rheological parameters (except setback from peak) under HNT. Our study reports the HNT-induced change in the amylose/amylopectin ratio in early maturing wheat genotypes, which determines the stability of flour starches for specific end-use products.
ABSTRACT
The newly synthesized ligand, dihydro OO'bis(salicylidene) 2,2' aminobenzothiazolyl borate (2), was derived from the reaction of Schiff base of 2-aminobenzothiazole and salicylaldehyde with KBH(4). Cu(II) (3) and Zn(II) (4) complexes of (2) were synthesized and further metallated with dimethyltindichloride to yield heterobimetallic complexes (5) and (6). All complexes have been thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis, and IR, NMR, EPR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and conductance measurements. The spectroscopic data support square planar environment around the Cu(II) atom, while the Sn(IV) atom acquires pentacoordinate geometry. The interaction of complex (5) with guanine, adenine, and calf thymus DNA was studied by spectrophotometric, electrochemical, and kinetic methods. The absorption spectra of complex (5) exhibit a remarkable "hyperchromic effect" in the presence of guanine and calf thymus DNA. Indicative of strong binding of the complex to calf thymus DNA preferentially binds through N(7) position of guanine base, while the adenine shows binding to a lesser extent. The kinetic data were obtained from the rate constants, k(obs), values under pseudo-first-order conditions. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to study the interaction of complex (5) with guanine, adenine, and calf thymus DNA. The CV of complex (5) in the absence and in the presence of guanine and calf thymus DNA altered drastically, with a positive shift in formal peak potential E(pa) and E(pc) values and a significant increase in peak current. The positive shift in formal potentials with increase in peak current favours strong interaction of complex (5) with calf thymus DNA. The net shift in E(1/2) has been used to estimate the ratio of equilibrium constants for the binding of Cu(II) and Cu(I) complexes to calf thymus DNA.
