ABSTRACT
In CNS, glucocorticoids (GCs) activate both GC receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), whereas GR is widely expressed, the expression of MR is restricted. However, both are present in the microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain and their activation can lead to pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. We have therefore addressed the specific functions of GR in microglia. In mice lacking GR in macrophages/microglia and in the absence of modifications in MR expression, intraparenchymal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activating Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway resulted in exacerbated cellular lesion, neuronal and axonal damage. Global inhibition of GR by RU486 pre-treatment revealed that microglial GR is the principal mediator preventing neuronal degeneration triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and contributes with GRs of other cell types to the protection of non-neuronal cells. In vivo and in vitro data show GR functions in microglial differentiation, proliferation and motility. Interestingly, microglial GR also abolishes the LPS-induced delayed outward rectifier currents by downregulating Kv1.3 expression known to control microglia proliferation and oxygen radical production. Analysis of GR transcriptional function revealed its powerful negative control of pro-inflammatory effectors as well as upstream inflammatory activators. Finally, we analyzed the role of GR in chronic unpredictable mild stress and aging, both known to prime or sensitize microglia in vivo. We found that microglial GR suppresses rather than mediates the deleterious effects of stress or aging on neuronal survival. Overall, the results show that microglial GR acts on several key processes limiting pro-inflammatory actions of activated microglia.
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System/pathology , Inflammation/immunology , Microglia/immunology , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/immunology , Animals , Cell Growth Processes/immunology , Cell Movement/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Inflammation/metabolism , Inflammation/pathology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Microglia/metabolism , Microglia/pathology , Nerve Degeneration/immunology , Nerve Degeneration/metabolism , Nerve Degeneration/pathology , Neurons/immunology , Neurons/metabolism , Neurons/pathology , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Major hen egg white proteins have been widely studied for their functional properties but these studies still are unable to explain, alone, all of the biological properties of hen egg white. Hence, it is still interesting to produce pure and non-altered proteins to improve our knowledge on the biological properties of hen egg white. Presently, identification and characterization of both bioactive peptides and minor proteins from hen egg white is essential work for progressing in the understanding of hen egg white biological properties. With this objective in mind, a new process for a complete "mucin free" hen egg white fractionation based on ion exchange chromatography is proposed. "Mucin free" egg white is fractionated into six different fractions. Four of them are high-recovery yield purified fractions of lysozyme, ovotransferrin, ovalbumin and flavoprotein. The two other fractions are enriched in recently detected minor proteins in hen egg white.
Subject(s)
Chemical Fractionation/methods , Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods , Egg White/analysis , Animals , Chickens , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Conalbumin/isolation & purification , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Female , Flavoproteins/isolation & purification , Isoelectric Focusing , Mass Spectrometry , Muramidase/isolation & purification , Ovalbumin/isolation & purificationSubject(s)
Epistaxis/complications , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/complications , Optic Atrophy/etiology , Acute Disease , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , RecurrenceABSTRACT
In this paper two cases of Adie's syndrome are discussed. In one of them a paralysis of accommodation was observed. In neither case was it possible to establish the etiology. In both cases the pupil was still enlarged, 11 and seven months later, respectively.
Subject(s)
Accommodation, Ocular , Adie Syndrome/drug therapy , Adult , Chronic Disease , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Pilocarpine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
25 Patients suffering from simple chronic glaucoma were treated with a 0.25% Spersacarpin solution. The intraocular tension was normalised in 22 Patients; only in 3 was it necessary to use stronger concentrations. The Spersacarpin 0.25% solution, which has a strong hypotensive and myotic effect but hardly any myopia inducing action, was well tolerated by all patients.
Subject(s)
Glaucoma/drug therapy , Pilocarpine/administration & dosage , Drug Evaluation , Humans , Pilocarpine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
A report is given of a case with a mycotic process of the lacrimal sac, the course of which covers a period of 20 years until final cure. Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy are discussed.
