Respuesta y supervivencia libre de progresión en tumores vesicales en estadios T2-T4 tratados con tratamiento trimodal de conservación vesical / Response and Progression-Free Survival in T2 to T4 bladder tumors treated with trimodality therapy with bladder preservation

Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta y la supervivencia libre de progresión (SLP) en pacientes diagnosticados de carcinoma vesical infiltrante tratados con RTU-quimioterapia-radioterapia y compararlos con una serie no aleatorizada de pacientes tratados con cistectomía radical. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 43 pacientes con carcinoma vesical infiltrante tratados entre 1994–2007 con dos pautas de conservación vesical y estudio comparativo con pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical (145 casos) en el mismo periodo. Las variables pronósticas para estudio fueron estadio y grado clínico, presencia o no de hidronefrosis, tratamiento quimioterapéutico recibido, dosis de radioterapia y alteraciones en p53 y Ki67. Resultados: La media y la mediana de los pacientes sometidos a conservación vesical fueron de 51 y de 39 meses, respectivamente. El 72% de los pacientes con conservación vesical obtuvo respuesta completa (RC) al finalizar el tratamiento. Solo la hidronefrosis tuvo influencia pronóstica (OR: 7,3; p=0,02). Al final del estudio, el 74% de los que obtuvieron RC mantenía la respuesta. Ninguna de las variables analizadas fueron predictoras del mantenimiento de la respuesta. La SLP en el grupo fue del 69±7 y del 61±7% a 3 y a 5 años. La dosis de radioterapia >60Gy (OR: 6,1; p=0,001) y la ausencia de hidronefrosis (OR 7,5; p=0,02) fueron las únicas variables influyentes. La SLP del grupo con RC fue del 80±7 y del 58±10% a 3 y a 5 años. Al concluir el estudio, 23/43 (53,5%) conservaban la vejiga y estaban libres de enfermedad. Se realizaron 145 cistectomías radicales a pacientes diagnosticados de carcinoma vesical infiltrante. La media y la mediana de seguimiento de este grupo fueron de 29 y 18 meses, respectivamente. El análisis estadístico reflejó que los pacientes que se habían sometido a conservación vesical presentaban únicamente peor estadio clínico que los pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical (p=0,17).La SLP a 3 y a 5 años de los pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical fue del 72±5 y del 63±7%, no evidenciando diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,83) con respecto a los pacientes sometidos a pauta de conservación vesical. Conclusiones: Los pacientes sometidos a conservación vesical obtienen una supervivencia similar a la de los pacientes a los que se les ha realizado cistectomía radical. La dosis de radioterapia >60Gy y la ausencia de hidronefrosis son factores de influencia independiente en la SLP (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the response and the free-survival progression in pacients diagnosed of invasive bladder cancer who have been treated with transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This multimodal treatment is compared with a not random serie of patients treated by radical cistectomy. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 43 cases of invasive bladder cancer treated with two schemes of bladder preservation between 1994–2007. They are compared with 145 cases treated with radical cistectomy in the same period of time. Pronostic variables included in the study are clinical stage, grade of differentiation, presence of ureteral obstruction, chemotherapy modality, radiotherapy doses and p53 and ki-67 expression. Results: Mean and median time are 51 and 39 months in patients with multimodal treatment. Complete response is achieved in 72% of cases treated with bladder preservation. Ureteral obstruction is a prognostic factor (OR: 7,3;p:0,02). 72% patients with complete response mantain it at the end of the study. None of analyzed variables are predictors of maintenance of the response. Survival rates with a intact bladder were 69±7% and 61±7% at three and five years. Radiotherapy doses greater than 60Gy (OR: 6,1; p<0,001) and the absence of ureteral obstruction (OR: 7,5; p<0,002) were pronostic variables. Free-survival in patients with complete response was 80±7% and 58±10% at three and five years. At the end of the study, 53,5% of patients had a intact bladder and free-disease. In the same period of time, 145 radical cistectomies were performed due to muscle invasive bladder cancer. Mean and median time in this group were 29 and 18 months respectively. Stadistical analysis reveals a worse clinical stage in the group of patients treated with multimodal treatment (p:0.01). Free-survival was 72±5% and 63±7% at 3 and 5 years in the group of radical cistectomies. There was not stadistical significant differences between cistectomies and bladder preservation. Conclusions: Patients treated with bladder preservation have a free-survival similar to those treted with radical cistectomy. Radiotherapy doses greater than 60Gy and absence of ureteral obstruction were free-survival prognostic variables (AU)

[Response and progression-free survival in T2 to T4 bladder tumors treated with trimodality therapy with bladder preservation]. / Respuesta y supervivencia libre de progresión en tumores vesicales en estadios T2-T4 tratados con tratamiento trimodal de conservación vesical.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the response and the free-survival progression in patients diagnosed of invasive bladder cancer who have been treated with transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This multimodal treatment is compared with a not random serie of patients treated by radical cistectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 43 cases of invasive bladder cancer treated with two schemes of bladder preservation between 1994-2007. They are compared with 145 cases treated with radical cistectomy in the same period of time. Pronostic variables included in the study are clinical stage, grade of differentiation, presence of ureteral obstruction, chemotherapy modality, radiotherapy doses and p53 and ki-67 expression. RESULTS: Mean and median time are 51 and 39 months in patients with multimodal treatment. Complete response is achieved in 72% of cases treated with bladder preservation. Ureteral obstruction is a prognostic factor (OR: 7,3;p:0,02). 72% patients with complete response mantain it at the end of the study. None of analyzed variables are predictors of maintenance of the response. Survival rates with a intact bladder were 69±7% and 61±7% at three and five years. Radiotherapy doses greater than 60Gy (OR: 6,1; p<0,001) and the absence of ureteral obstruction (OR: 7,5; p<0,002) were pronostic variables. Free-survival in patients with complete response was 80±7% and 58±10% at three and five years. At the end of the study, 53,5% of patients had a intact bladder and free-disease.In the same period of time, 145 radical cistectomies were performed due to muscle invasive bladder cancer. Mean and median time in this group were 29 and 18 months respectively. Stadistical analysis reveals a worse clinical stage in the group of patients treated with multimodal treatment (p:0.01). Free-survival was 72±5% and 63±7% at 3 and 5 years in the group of radical cistectomies. There was not statistical significant differences between cistectomies and bladder preservation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with bladder preservation have a free-survival similar to those treated with radical cistectomy. Radiotherapy doses greater than 60Gy and absence of ureteral obstruction were free-survival prognostic variables.

Edad del donante y su influencia en la supervivencia del injerto / Influence of donor age on graft survival

Introducción: En 2007 en España el 43% de los donantes tuvo más de 60 años, lo que supone peor calidad del injerto y probablemente peor supervivencia. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es analizar la influencia de la edad del donante en la supervivencia del injerto. Material y métodos: Analizamos retrospectivamente 216 trasplantes renales consecutivos realizados entre 2000–2008. Valoramos la influencia de la edad del donante sobre la supervivencia del injerto y buscamos el mejor punto de corte. Para el estudio de la supervivencia actuarial del injerto se ha utilizado el método de Kaplan Meyer. Para la comparación de curvas de supervivencia utilizamos el test de log-rank. Para el estudio de los factores influyentes en la supervivencia hemos utilizado los modelos de regresión de Cox en forma de estudio univariado y multivariado. Resultados: La media de seguimiento fue de 48 meses (±33,4 DE) y la mediana de seguimiento fue de 48 meses (rango de 0–166 meses).El análisis univariado de la supervivencia del injerto nos mostró que la edad del donante como variable continua influye significativamente en la supervivencia del injerto (odds ratio: 1,03; 95% intervalo de confianza [IC]: 1,01–1,05; p=0,009).Al estudiar la relación entre la edad del donante y el receptor evidenciamos una correlación inversa significativa (correlación de Pearson: 0,55; p<0,0001), pero a pesar de esto, la significación se mantiene si se ajusta con la edad de los receptores (odds ratio: 1,02; 95% IC: 1,01–1,04) (p=0,04). El mejor punto de corte corresponde a 60 años. La supervivencia actuarial del injerto en donantes mayores de 60 años es del 79 (95% IC: 74–84) y del 71% (95% IC: 65–77) en 3 y 5 años frente al 94 (95% IC: 94–96%) y al 90% (95% IC: 88–92) en los receptores de riñones de donantes menores de 60 años (p=0,002).El estudio multivariado de los factores influyentes en la supervivencia del injerto revela que la edad del donante dicotomizada en mayor y menor de 60 años, la presencia de reintervenciones quirúrgicas inmediatas y la función diferida eran los factores de influencia independiente en la supervivencia del injerto. Conclusiones: La edad del donante mayor de 60 años influye negativamente en la supervivencia del injerto renal con valor pronóstico independiente (AU)

Introduction: In 2007 in Spain 43% of donors were older than 60 years. This produces a worse graft quality and probably a worse survival. Objective: Our objective is to analyze the influence of donor age on graft survival. Material and methods: We analyze retrospectively 216 renal consecutive transplants realized between 2000 and 2008. A univaried and multivaried study (Cox regression) was performed and Kaplan-Meyer test with log rank for graft survival. Results: Follow-up mean of 40 months (±33,4 SD). The univaried analysis of graft survival showed that donor age had a significative influence on graft survival. (OR=1,03; 95% CI 1,01–1,05) (p: 0,009). Studying the relation between donor and recipient age we find an inverse correlation (Pearson's Correlation: 0,55. p<0,0001), but there are significative differences after the adjustment for recipient age. (OR: 1,02; 95% CI 1,01–1,04) (p: 0,04). Optimal cut-point value determined by the ROC analysis was 60 years. The graft survival of donors over 60 years is 79% (95% CI; 74–84%) and 71%(95% CI; 65–77%) at 3 and 5 years in contrast with 94% (95% CI; 94–96%) and 90% (95% CI; 88–92 in donors under 60. (p: 0,002). The multivaried study of the influential factors on graft survival reveals that donor age dichotomized in older or younger than 60, the presence of a surgical immediate reintervention and a delayed graft function were independent influence factors. Conclusions: Donor age over 60 years has a negative and independent prognostic influence on graft survival (AU)

[Influence of donor age on graft survival]. / Edad del donante y su influencia en la supervivencia del injerto.

INTRODUCTION: In 2007 in Spain 43% of donors were older than 60 years. This produces a worse graft quality and probably a worse survival. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to analyze the influence of donor age on graft survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyze retrospectively 216 renal consecutive transplants realized between 2000 and 2008. A univaried and multivaried study (Cox regression) was performed and Kaplan-Meyer test with log rank for graft survival. RESULTS: Follow-up mean of 40 months (+/-33,4 SD). The univaried analysis of graft survival showed that donor age had a significative influence on graft survival. (OR=1,03; 95% CI 1,01-1,05) (p: 0,009). Studying the relation between donor and recipient age we find an inverse correlation (Pearson's Correlation: 0,55. p<0,0001), but there are significative differences after the adjustment for recipient age. (OR: 1,02; 95% CI 1,01-1,04) (p: 0,04). Optimal cut-point value determined by the ROC analysis was 60 years. The graft survival of donors over 60 years is 79% (95% CI; 74-84%) and 71% (95% CI; 65-77%) at 3 and 5 years in contrast with 94% (95% CI; 94-96%) and 90% (95% CI; 88-92 in donors under 60. (p: 0,002). The multivaried study of the influential factors on graft survival reveals that donor age dichotomized in older or younger than 60, the presence of a surgical immediate reintervention and a delayed graft function were independent influence factors. CONCLUSIONS: Donor age over 60 years has a negative and independent prognostic influence on graft survival.

Complicaciones quirúrgicas en el trasplante renal y su influencia en la supervivencia del injerto / Surgical complications in kidney transplantation and their influence on graft survival

Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es analizar las complicaciones quirúrgicas en el trasplante renal y su influencia en la supervivencia del injerto. Material y métodos: Analizamos retrospectivamente 216 trasplantes renales realizados entre el 1 de enero de 2000 y el 31 de diciembre de 2008, analizando las complicaciones quirúrgicas y valorando su influencia sobre la supervivencia del injerto renal. Resultados: De los 216 trasplantes, 82 (38%) tuvieron algún tipo de complicación quirúrgica y 68 (31%) requirieron algún tipo de reintervención (23 en postoperatorio inmediato y 45 más allá de los 3 meses). Media de seguimiento de 48 meses (+/−33,4 desviación estándar) y mediana de seguimiento de 48 meses (rango de 0 a 166).No se han objetivado en receptor o donante factores que predispongan a la incidencia de complicaciones. La supervivencia del injerto es significativamente menor en los pacientes con complicaciones quirúrgicas (supervivencia a los 3 y a los 5 años del 86% [intervalo de confianza {IC} 95%: 83–89] y del 78%% [IC 95%: 73–82] vs. el 92% [IC 95%: 90–94] y el 88%% [IC 95%: 85–91]; p=0,004). La reintervención precoz, la trombosis venosa y la infección de herida son las complicaciones que tienen influencia independiente en la supervivencia. El estudio multivariado de la supervivencia del injerto de todo el grupo pone de manifiesto que la reintervención precoz es un factor de influencia independiente (odds ratio: 4,7; IC 95%: 2,2–10; p<0,0001). La función diferida y la edad del donante mayor de 60 años son los otros factores influyentes. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones quirúrgicas influyen en la supervivencia del injerto. La necesidad de cirugía precoz es una variable con valor pronóstico independiente sobre supervivencia del injerto junto con la función diferida y la edad del donante (AU)

Objectives: To analyze surgical complications in kidney transplantation and their influence on graft survival. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was made of the early and late surgical complications occurring in 216 consecutive kidney transplants performed at our institution and their influence on graft survival. Results: At least one surgical complication occurred in 82 (38%) of the 216 transplantations, and 68 (31%) required some type of repeat surgery, 23 in the early postoperative period and 45 more than 3 months after surgery. Mean follow–up was 48 months (SD +/−33.4), and median follow–up 48 months (range, 0–166 months).No recipient or donor factors predisposing to surgical complications were found. Graft survival was significantly shorter in patients with surgical complications [3- and 5-year survival rates of 86% (95% CI 83-89 %) and 78% (95% CI 73-82%) as compared to 92% (95% CI 90-94%) and 88% (95% CI 85-91%), p:0.004]. Early repeat surgery, venous thrombosis, and wound infection were among the complications having an independent influence on graft survival. A multivariate analysis of graft survival in the whole group showed early repeat surgery to be a factor with an independent prognostic value (OR: 4.7; 95% CI 2.2–10, p<0.0001). Delayed function and donor age older than 60 years were the other independent influential factors. Conclusion: Surgical complications have an influence on graft survival. The need for early repeat surgery, delayed function, and donor age older than 60 years are independent predictors of graft survival (AU)

Algunas consideraciones sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento actual del carcinoma prostático organoconfinado / Some considerations on the diagnostic and the present treatment of the prostatic carcinoma organoconfined

No disponible

[Therapeutic approach in adrenal melanoma. Review of the literature]. / Actitud terapéutica en el melanoma suprarrenal. Revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To review the treatment strategies for adrenal melanoma and to emphasize the role of curative surgical resection and adjuvant treatment in selected patients with melanoma metastatic to the adrenal gland versus chemotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with advanced malignant melanoma. METHODS: A case of adrenal gland metastasis of a cutaneous melanoma (Clark IV, Breslow 5 mm.) treated by excision one year before that was referred to the Urology Department for Wünderlich syndrome is presented. RESULTS: The analyzed series of programmed adrenalectomy for adrenal metastases from melanoma describe survivals of 26 (3), 36 (9), 59 (3) and 72 (5) months. In our case the patient died at home one month later due to stroke, although concomitant brain metastasis is suspected. Autopsy was not performed. CONCLUSIONS: In the differential diagnosis of an incidentaloma, metastatic disease is likely in a patient with a history of malignant disease. The frequency of malignant melanoma among metastatic adrenal disease varies between 1% and 8.6%; the majority are asymptomatic and incidental findings. We believe that in selected patients with advanced malignant melanoma, with no major coexisting morbidity factors who have isolated melanoma metastatic to the adrenal gland or with limited extra-adrenal sites of disease, curative surgical resection and adjuvant treatment may improve their survival. It must be emphasized that all patients should be followed after surgical resection of the primary tumor because it will facilitate staging of the disease and avoid emergency situations of ruptured friable metastases that make complete resection difficult.

[Differential diagnosis of epididymal leiomyoma. Report of a new case]. / Diagnósticos diferenciales del leiomioma de epidídimo. Aportación de un nuevo caso.

OBJECTIVE: A case of epididymal leiomyoma is presented. This lesion is uncommon and sometimes misdiagnosed. The literature is briefly reviewed. METHODS/RESULTS: A 29-year-old patient presented with a tumor in the tail of the right epididymis that was initially diagnosed as scrotal hematoma or complex cyst in the tail of the epididymis. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound has an important role in distinguishing testicular from epididymal tumors. However, if the diagnosis is unclear, surgical resection and subsequent anatomopathological analysis must be performed.

[Primary neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney: 26 cases. Current status of its diagnosis and treatment]. / Tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo renal (PNET): 26 casos. Estado actual de su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney and review the literature and the 25 cases previously reported as PNET. METHODS: A 39-year-old man who consulted for nephric colic is described. Ultrasound evaluation disclosed a mass arising from the left kidney. The clinical, radiological and pathologic features, treatment and differential diagnosis of small cell tumors are discussed, as well as the important role of immunohistochemical techniques (positive staining with O13 or 12E7 antibodies) and cytogenetic analysis [a characteristic chromosomal translocation t(11;22) (q24;q12) or variant translocation, such as t(21;22) (q22;q12), may be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or polymerase chain reaction-reverse transcriptase (PCR-RT)]. RESULTS: Survival of our patient was 20 months. Only three of the 25 previously reported cases had a longer survival: 60, 48 and 24 months. Mean survival was 10 months. 95.24% of the cases were positive for NSE. Immunostaining (CD99) was performed in 16 patients and was found to be positive in all cases. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses were performed in 11 cases; PCR-RT was negative in two, as well as in the case described herein. CONCLUSIONS: PNET is a highly aggressive neoplasm that tends to recur locally and to metastasize. Despite the poor response to standard therapy combining surgical resection, postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy, the results might change due to current research on genetic therapy based on creating antisense oligonucleotides against the EWS-FLI 1 fusion gene.

[Spermatic cord liposarcoma: differential diagnostic criteria and treatment]. / Liposarcoma de cordón espermático: criterios de diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of liposarcoma of the spermatic cord in a young male, with special reference to the difficulties encountered in making the clinical and histopathological differential diagnosis. METHODS/RESULTS: A 43-year-old patient underwent surgery for a tumor (8 x 7 cms) in the left spermatic cord. Pathological analysis demonstrated a well-differentiated liposarcoma with myxoid areas. Radical orchidectomy was performed. The patient is well, with no tumor recurrence or metastasis. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Paratesticular liposarcoma is rare. It is therefore difficult to establish the guidelines for treatment, prognosis and differential diagnosis. Similarly, difficulty is encountered when making the preoperative diagnosis, although US and CT can be useful. As in liposarcomas localized to other sites, the histological type and grade of the lesion are useful for the prognosis. Radical inguinal orchidectomy is the treatment of choice.

[Stromal tumor of the rectum and leiomyosarcoma of the prostate as a cause of urinary syndrome attributable to BPH]. / Tumor estromal de recto y leiomiosarcoma de próstata como causa de síndrome miccional atribuible a HBP.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the classifications of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms ascribed to BPH, in order to define the indication for treatment for patients with similar features but of a different etiology. The literature is also reviewed. METHODS/RESULTS: Two patients, aged 62 and 63 years, diagnosed as having BPH were found to have a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and a leiomyosarcoma of the prostate, respectively. The first patient had undergone retropubic resection. Frozen section analysis revealed a GIST. The second patient had undergone TURP twice. A perineal biopsy at the last medical examination showed a leiomyosarcoma of the prostate. This patient finally underwent pelvic tumorectomy. The international classification of BPH is discussed: PQSF (P: prostatic weight determined by transrectal US or DRE; Q: quality of life assessment; S: international prostate symptom score (IPSS); F: maximum urinary flow rate by uroflowmetry--Qmax). CONCLUSIONS: The classifications are practical, but should be improved. In our view, details useful in orienting the diagnosis could be lost by oversimplification.

[Acute abdomen, as diagnostic cause of renal adenocarcinoma]. / Abdomen agudo, como causa diagnóstica de adenocarcinoma renal.

We report a case of renal adenocarcinoma that was diagnosed after an emergency nephrectomy procedure. The patient had presented with a typical acute abdomen. The diagnostic methods and treatment are briefly discussed. The uncommon form of presentation (renal adenocarcinoma coexisting with multiple renal abscesses presenting as acute abdomen) prompted us to report this case.

[Kidney injuries: a review of 149 cases. A change in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches]. / Traumatismos renales: revisión de 149 casos. Cambio en la actitud diagnóstica y terapéutica.

We reviewed 149 cases of renal trauma that were seen at the Urology Service of Hospital de Navarra from January, 1975 to December, 1989. The severity of the renal injury, type (open or closed), the presence of previous lesions, renal changes, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches were analyzed. The follow-up urologic and nephrologic controls are briefly described. Most of the cases with important renal injury have been followed for one to five years. We observed as increased incidence of renal injuries from road traffic accidents in younger patients with a prevalence in the male. Treatment is more conservative and less nephrectomies have been performed. CT, US, renal arteriography and isotope studies have become widely available. The endourological and transcutaneous techniques have been widely used in the treatment of these patients.

[Surgical adrenal gland pathology. Urologist's pathology]. / Patología quirúrgica suprarrenal. Patología propia del urólogo.

We reviewed 6 cases of unilateral adrenal tumor that had been treated during a 5-year period. The Turner-Warwick modified lateral approach was performed in all 6 cases. In our view, surgical treatment of unilateral adrenal tumors should be performed by the urologist. The high lumbar approach appears to be the most appropriate for unilateral adrenal tumor masses not larger than 6 cm. The surgical anatomy of the adrenal gland is briefly described.

[Renal dysplasia: a review of 6 cases]. / Displasia renal: revisión de seis casos.

Six cases of renal dysplasia (2 neonates and 4 adults) are described. Treatment in all 6 cases was by nephrectomy. The criteria for renal dysplasia are briefly reviewed. The etiology, diagnosis and treatment of this disease entity are discussed.

[Unusual presentation form of testicular neoplasms. Report of 5 cases]. / Forma de presentación no habitual en las neoplasias testiculares. A propósito de cinco casos.

Testicular tumors have a typical form of presentation, but there are also unusual forms that must always be considered. We report on 5 cases of testicular tumors that had an uncommon form of presentation: 3 seminomas (1 anaplastic), 1 teratocarcinoma and 1 carcinoma in situ. All testicular changes, particularly in the young male, must be suspected as being a testicular neoplasm and a complete work up must be performed until the exact diagnosis can be made. Currently, evaluation of the testes by ultrasound is a necessary procedure in the diagnosis of this pathological condition. Because it is non-invasive, simple and low-cost, it is the ideal method of evaluation.