Variations in the Evaluation and Management of Vascular Rings: A Survey of American Clinicians.

Vascular rings are arterial malformations that lead to the compression of the trachea and/or esophagus. While "tight" rings often produce symptoms and require surgery, "loose" rings rarely produce symptoms. Given advances in fetal echocardiography, this diagnosis is now more often made prenatally. This poses a new conundrum in the management of asymptomatic patients, leading to practice variation and creating a target for clinical system improvement. Hence, we conducted this survey aiming to demonstrate the practice variation existing in current evaluation and management of these patients. An anonymous web-based survey was distributed to several listservs for pediatric cardiologists and pediatric cardiothoracic surgeons. Survey questions targeted respondent practice characteristics, testing obtained, and indications for testing or surgical referral. In total 61 responses were received, predominantly from pediatric cardiologists (95%) in the United States (97%). About 60% of clinicians reported frequently diagnosing patients with vascular rings by fetal echocardiogram, with only about 20% diagnosing them frequently on evaluation of symptoms. Computed tomography angiography and echocardiogram were the most common imaging modalities employed. Most clinicians obtained cross-sectional imaging at the time of diagnosis and referred to surgery once patients had at least occasional symptoms. Respondents demonstrated a low degree of agreement (Krippendorf's alpha 0.48). Few statistically significant patterns were identified between respondents based on their practice characteristics. This study identified significant variation between clinicians regarding the evaluation and management of vascular rings. Further research or expert opinions may help to standardize practice, saving costs and improving the quality of care for affected patients.

Characteristics of Cardiac Abnormalities in Pediatric Patients With Acute COVID-19.

Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause cardiac abnormalities in adults. Cardiac abnormalities are well-described in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, but effects in children with acute COVID-19 are less understood. In this multicenter study, we assessed the cardiac effects of acute COVID-19 among hospitalized children (<21 years) admitted to three large healthcare systems in New York City. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study. We examined electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, troponin, or B-type natriuretic peptides. Results Of 317 admitted patients, 131 (41%) underwent cardiac testing with 56 (43%) demonstrating cardiac abnormalities. Electrocardiogram abnormalities were the most common (46/117 patients (39%)), including repolarization abnormalities and QT prolongation. Elevated troponin occurred in 14/77 (18%) patients and B-type natriuretic peptide in 8/39 (21%) patients. Ventricular dysfunction was identified in 5/27 (19%) patients with an echocardiogram, all of whom had elevated troponin. Ventricular dysfunction resolved by first outpatient follow-up. Conclusion Electrocardiogram and troponin can assist clinicians in identifying children at risk for cardiac injury in acute COVID-19.

The Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies of the Airway or Lung in Infants with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Differences in Midterm Outcomes: A National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative Registry Analysis.

Infants with single ventricle physiology and congenital anomalies of the airway and/or lung are potentially poor candidates for staged palliation. The prevalence and midterm outcomes for patients with anomalies of the airway or lung with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are unknown. We performed an analysis of data in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome from the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative registry. The prevalence of congenital anomalies of the airway or lung in the registry was determined. Clinical characteristics and midterm outcomes were compared between infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome with and without anomalies of the airway or lung. Fifty-seven (2.3%) of 2467 infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome enrolled in the registry had congenital airway or lung anomalies. Infants congenital anomalies of the airway or lung had significantly lower transplant-free survival at 1 year (49.5 vs 77.2%, p < 0.001). Infants with airway or lung anomalies had longer combined hospital length of stay for stage 1 and stage 2 palliation (102 vs 65.1 days, p < 0.001) and underwent more major procedures (2.04 vs 0.93 procedures, p < 0.001) than those without. There was no difference in the number of interstage readmissions (1.85 vs 1.89, p = 0.87) or need for non-oral feeding supplementation (71.4 vs 54.5%, p = 0.12) between groups. Infants enrolled in the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative registry with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and anomalies of the airway or lung have increased morbidity and mortality at 1 year compared to those with hypoplastic left heart syndrome alone.

Neonatal Myxomas: Case Report and Literature Review.

Myxomas are rare tumors in neonates and tend to have a different presentation compared to adults. We present an infant with a left atrial myxoma presenting with episodic tachycardia who underwent successful surgical excision. In addition, we performed a review of the literature, identifying 17 cases of neonatal myxomas. Unlike adults, neonatal myxomas are more common in males and occur more often on the right side of the heart. Constitutional symptoms such as fever or embolism are rare among neonates. Most patients have favorable outcomes following surgical excision, refuting earlier claims that neonatal myxomas are associated with poor outcomes.

Risk factors and outcomes for hyperbilirubinaemia after heart surgery in children.

INTRODUCTION: Liver dysfunction, associated with morbidity and mortality, is common in patients with CHD. We investigate risk factors for and outcomes of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates and infants after cardiac surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective analysis of neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery at our institution between January 2013 and December 2017, we identified those with post-operative conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. We tested various demographic and surgical risk factors, and use of post-operative interventions, for an association with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. We also tested hyperbilirubinaemia for association with post-operative mortality and prolonged length of stay. RESULTS: We identified 242 post-operative admissions, of which 45 (19%) had conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. The average conjugated bilirubin level in this group was 2.0 mg/dl versus 0.3 mg/dl for peers without hyperbilirubinaemia. The post-operative use of both extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OR 4.97, 95% CI 1.89-13.5, p = 0.001) and total parenteral nutrition (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.34-7.17, p = 0.010) was associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. No demographic variable analysed was found to be a risk factor. Hyperbilirubinaemia was associated with higher odds of mortality (OR 3.74, 95% CI 2.69-13.8, p = 0.005) and prolonged length of stay (OR 2.87, 95% CI 2.02-7.97, p = 0.005), which were independent of other risk factors. DISCUSSION: We identified the post-operative use of total parenteral nutrition and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as risk factors for hyperbilirubinaemia. These patients were more likely to experience morbidity and mortality than control peers. As such, bilirubin may be marker for elevated risk of poor post-operative outcomes and should be more frequently measured after cardiac surgery.

Neuroanatomical characterization of the cellular and axonal architecture of subcortical band heterotopia in the BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J mouse cortex.

Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) are malformations of the human cerebral cortex typically associated with epilepsy and cognitive delay/disability. Rodent models of SBH have demonstrated strong face validity as they are accompanied by both cognitive deficits and spontaneous seizures or reduced seizure threshold. BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J recombinant inbred mice display striking bilateral SBH, partial callosal agenesis, morphological changes in subcortical structures of the auditory pathway, and display sensory deficits in behavioral tests (Rosen et al., 2013; Truong et al., 2013, 2015). Surprisingly, these mice show no cognitive deficits and have a higher seizure threshold to chemi-convulsive treatment (Gabel et al., 2013) making them different than other rodent SBH models described previously. In the present report, we perform a detailed characterization of the cellular and axonal constituents of SBH in BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J mice and demonstrate that various types of interneurons and glia as well as cortical and subcortical projections are found in SBH. In addition, the length of neuronal cilia was reduced in SBH compared to neurons in the overlying and adjacent normotopic cortex. Finally, we describe additional and novel malformations of the hippocampus and neocortex present in BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J mice. Together, our findings in BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J mice are discussed in the context of the known neuroanatomy and phenotype of other SBH rodent models.