Accuracy of saline contrast sonohysterography in detection of endometrial polyps and submucosal leiomyomas in women of reproductive age with abnormal uterine bleeding: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the diagnostic accuracy of two- (2D) and three- (3D) dimensional saline contrast sonohysterography (SCSH) in the detection of endometrial polyps and submucosal uterine leiomyomas in women of reproductive age with abnormal uterine bleeding compared with gold standard hysteroscopy. METHODS: A systematic review of diagnostic studies that compared 2D- and/or 3D-SCSH with hysteroscopy and anatomopathology was conducted according to PRISMA and SEDATE recommendations. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library were searched electronically using specific terms with no restriction on language or publication year. Quality assessment of included studies was performed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Meta-analysis was performed with the Meta-DiSk program and data presented as forest plots and summary receiver-operating characteristics (SROC) curves. Pooled sensitivity, specificity and positive (LR+) and negative (LR-) likelihood ratios of SCSH in the detection of uterine cavity abnormalities were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 1398 citations were identified and five studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of 2D-SCSH in detecting endometrial polyps were 93% (95% CI, 89-96%) and 81% (95% CI, 76-86%), respectively, with pooled LR+ of 5.41 (95% CI, 2.60-11.28) and LR- of 0.10 (95% CI, 0.06-0.17). In the detection of submucosal uterine leiomyomas, pooled sensitivity and specificity were 94% (95% CI, 89-97%) and 81% (95% CI, 76-86%), respectively, with pooled LR+ of 4.25 (95% CI, 2.20-8.21) and LR- of 0.11 (95% CI, 0.05-0.22). 2D-SCSH had good accuracy in detecting endometrial polyps and submucosal uterine leiomyomas, with areas under the SROC curves of 0.97 ± 0.02 and 0.97 ± 0.03, respectively. Studies that analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of 3D-SCSH could not be compared due to high heterogeneity related to menopausal status, type of technique used and primary outcome being investigation of infertility. CONCLUSIONS: 2D-SCSH proved to be a highly sensitive method for detection of endometrial polyps and submucosal uterine leiomyomas, making it a potential first-line diagnostic method in the work-up for women with abnormal uterine bleeding. More studies are needed on 3D-SCSH in women of reproductive age. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Precocidade sexual em bovinos Nelore avaliada por ultrassonografia testicular / Sexual precocity in Nelore bovines evaluated by testicular ultrasonography

The present study aimed to evaluate if there are differences in testicular parenchyma echogenicity between pre-pubescent and pubescent animals at the same age. Ultrasound examinations were performed in longitudinal and transversal planes of the testicles of 111 healthy Nelore bovines, at the ages of nine, 13 and 15 months. The EIV software calculated the echogenicity of the testicular parenchyma, which ranged from 0 (anechoic) to 100% (hyperechoic). Animals that had reached puberty at 15 months of age presented higher testicular echogenicity than the animals that had not reached puberty at the same age. These results suggest that testicular ultrasonography can be used as a predictor of sexual precocity.(AU)

Precocidade sexual em bovinos Nelore avaliada por ultrassonografia testicular / Sexual precocity in Nelore bovines evaluated by testicular ultrasonography

The present study aimed to evaluate if there are differences in testicular parenchyma echogenicity between pre-pubescent and pubescent animals at the same age. Ultrasound examinations were performed in longitudinal and transversal planes of the testicles of 111 healthy Nelore bovines, at the ages of nine, 13 and 15 months. The EIV software calculated the echogenicity of the testicular parenchyma, which ranged from 0 (anechoic) to 100% (hyperechoic). Animals that had reached puberty at 15 months of age presented higher testicular echogenicity than the animals that had not reached puberty at the same age. These results suggest that testicular ultrasonography can be used as a predictor of sexual precocity.(AU)

Ultrassonografia testicular em bovinos jovens da raça Nelore criados em sistema extensivo / Testicular ultrasonography in young Nelore bulls raised in extensive management system

Este estudo visou avaliar o padrão ultrassonográfico do parênquima testicular de touros jovens da raça Nelore, desde a fase peripuberal até a puberdade, estabelecer padrões fisiológicos e também verificar se existe diferença de ecogenicidade entre animais púberes e pré-púberes na mesma idade. Foram realizados exames ecográficos dos testículos de 19 bovinos aos 10, 12, 14, 16 e 18 meses de idade. O padrão ultrassonográfico do parênquima testicular mostrou-se homogêneo e com ecogenicidade moderada. A ecogenicidade testicular aumentou em proporção direta com a idade dos animais. Não houve diferença significativa entre a ecogenicidade testicular de animais púberes e pré-púberes na mesma idade.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the testicular parenchyma of young Nelore bulls through standard ultrasound, in order to establish the physiological standards, as well as differences in echogenicity between pre-pubescent and pubescent animals of the same age. Testis of 19 young Nelore bulls were evaluated by ultrasonography at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 months old. Homogeneous and moderate testicular parenchyma echogenicity was observed in all animals. Testicular echogenicity increased with the age of the animal. There were no significant differences in testicular echogenicity between pre-pubescent and pubescent animals with the same age.

Ultrassonografia testicular em bovinos jovens da raça Nelore criados em sistema extensivo / Testicular ultrasonography in young Nelore bulls raised in extensive management system

Este estudo visou avaliar o padrão ultrassonográfico do parênquima testicular de touros jovens da raça Nelore, desde a fase peripuberal até a puberdade, estabelecer padrões fisiológicos e também verificar se existe diferença de ecogenicidade entre animais púberes e pré-púberes na mesma idade. Foram realizados exames ecográficos dos testículos de 19 bovinos aos 10, 12, 14, 16 e 18 meses de idade. O padrão ultrassonográfico do parênquima testicular mostrou-se homogêneo e com ecogenicidade moderada. A ecogenicidade testicular aumentou em proporção direta com a idade dos animais. Não houve diferença significativa entre a ecogenicidade testicular de animais púberes e pré-púberes na mesma idade.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the testicular parenchyma of young Nelore bulls through standard ultrasound, in order to establish the physiological standards, as well as differences in echogenicity between pre-pubescent and pubescent animals of the same age. Testis of 19 young Nelore bulls were evaluated by ultrasonography at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 months old. Homogeneous and moderate testicular parenchyma echogenicity was observed in all animals. Testicular echogenicity increased with the age of the animal. There were no significant differences in testicular echogenicity between pre-pubescent and pubescent animals with the same age.(AU)

BIOMETRIC, TESTICULAR, SEMINAL CHARACTERISTICS AND GENETIC PARAMETERS OF PERTAINING BULLS TO THE PROGRAM OF GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF THE NELLORE RACE. / CARACTERÍSTICAS BIOMÉTRICAS, TESTICULARES, SEMINAIS E PARÂMETROS GENÉTICOS DE TOUROS PERTENCENTES AO PROGRAMA DE MELHORAMENTO GENÉTICO DA RAÇA NELORE.

An andrological exam was carried out in 1058 animals of Nellore breed with the objective to evaluate the andrological parameters of bulls that took part in a genetic enhancing program, Genetic Enhancing Program of Nellore Breed (GEPNB) and its genetic correlations, as well as the influence of the consanguinity in genetic parameters of fertility. Descriptive statistics were applied to evaluate the existing variability among the evaluated characteristics and also correlations were made to establish the association level between different characteristics. We can observe that the existent variability among the characteristics analyzed in the andrological exam is important. Animals that have scrotal perimeter measurement (EP) and superior testicle volume (TV) presented positive numbers for motility and spermatic strengh. In relation to major defects, minor defects and the total of abnormalities there could not be found significant correlations (p<0,05) with the EP and TV. Most of the correlations between the andrological exam and the genetic values, expected difference in the progeny (EDP) and total genetic merit (TGM), were not significant, a relevant fact is that animals that have Edp’s for the perimeters 365, 450, and 550 longer and superior shows a slight tendence to present minor total defects, that, being a good indicator that the selection for the EP reduces

Avaliaram-se as características andrológicas de 1058 touros, do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Raça Nelore (PMGRN), e suas correlações com características genéticas e a influência da endogamia nos parâmetros genéticos de fertilidade. Animais com medidas de perímetro escrotal (PE) e volume testicular (VT) superior apresentaram coeficiente de correlação positivos para motilidade e vigor espermáticos. Para os defeitos maiores, menores e totais não foram encontradas correlações significativas (p> 0,05) com o PE e VT. As correlações entre andrológico e valores genéticos, diferença esperada na progênie e mérito genético total, não diferenciaram (p>0,05). O PE e o VT medidos aos 700 dias de vida tiveram uma correlação baixa com os pesos e perímetros mensurados em todas as idades. A motilidade e o vigor observados no andrológico não se corresponderam com nenhuma medida aferida até os 550 dias, mas correlacionaram-se positivamente com perímetro aos 700 dias. Diferentemente do observado aos 700 dias, os animais

BIOMETRIC, TESTICULAR, SEMINAL CHARACTERISTICS AND GENETIC PARAMETERS OF PERTAINING BULLS TO THE PROGRAM OF GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF THE NELLORE RACE. / CARACTERÍSTICAS BIOMÉTRICAS, TESTICULARES, SEMINAIS E PARÂMETROS GENÉTICOS DE TOUROS PERTENCENTES AO PROGRAMA DE MELHORAMENTO GENÉTICO DA RAÇA NELORE.

An andrological exam was carried out in 1058 animals of Nellore breed with the objective to evaluate the andrological parameters of bulls that took part in a genetic enhancing program, Genetic Enhancing Program of Nellore Breed (GEPNB) and its genetic correlations, as well as the influence of the consanguinity in genetic parameters of fertility. Descriptive statistics were applied to evaluate the existing variability among the evaluated characteristics and also correlations were made to establish the association level between different characteristics. We can observe that the existent variability among the characteristics analyzed in the andrological exam is important. Animals that have scrotal perimeter measurement (EP) and superior testicle volume (TV) presented positive numbers for motility and spermatic strengh. In relation to major defects, minor defects and the total of abnormalities there could not be found significant correlations (p 0,05) with the EP and TV. Most of the correlations between the andrological exam and the genetic values, expected difference in the progeny (EDP) and total genetic merit (TGM), were not significant, a relevant fact is that animals that have Edps for the perimeters 365, 450, and 550 longer and superior shows a slight tendence to present minor total defects, that, being a good indicator that the selection for the EP reduces

Avaliaram-se as características andrológicas de 1058 touros, do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Raça Nelore (PMGRN), e suas correlações com características genéticas e a influência da endogamia nos parâmetros genéticos de fertilidade. Animais com medidas de perímetro escrotal (PE) e volume testicular (VT) superior apresentaram coeficiente de correlação positivos para motilidade e vigor espermáticos. Para os defeitos maiores, menores e totais não foram encontradas correlações significativas (p> 0,05) com o PE e VT. As correlações entre andrológico e valores genéticos, diferença esperada na progênie e mérito genético total, não diferenciaram (p>0,05). O PE e o VT medidos aos 700 dias de vida tiveram uma correlação baixa com os pesos e perímetros mensurados em todas as idades. A motilidade e o vigor observados no andrológico não se corresponderam com nenhuma medida aferida até os 550 dias, mas correlacionaram-se positivamente com perímetro aos 700 dias. Diferentemente do observado aos 700 dias, os animais

Biometric, testicular, seminal characteristics and genetic parameters of pertaining bulls to the program of genetic improvement of the nellore race / Características biométricas, testiculares, seminais e parâmetros genéticos de touros pertencentes ao programa de melhoramento genético da raça nelore

An andrological exam was carried out in 1058 animals of Nellore breed with the objective to evaluate the andrological parameters of bulls that took part in a genetic enhancing program, Genetic Enhancing Program of Nellore Breed (GEPNB) and its genetic correlations, as well as the influence of the consanguinity in genetic parameters of fertility. Descriptive statistics were applied to evaluate the existing variability among the evaluated characteristics and also correlations were made to establish the association level between different characteristics. We can observe that the existent variability among the characteristics analyzed in the andrological exam is important. Animals that have scrotal perimeter measurement (EP) and superior testicle volume (TV) presented positive numbers for motility and spermatic strengh. In relation to major defects, minor defects and the total of abnormalities there could not be found significant correlations (p 0,05) with the EP and TV. Most of the correlations between the andrological exam and the genetic values, expected difference in the progeny (EDP) and total genetic merit (TGM), were not significant, a relevant fact is that animals that have Edps for the perimeters 365, 450, and 550 longer and superior shows a slight tendence to present minor total defects, that, being a good indicator that the selection for the EP reduces

Avaliaram-se as características andrológicas de 1058 touros, do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Raça Nelore (PMGRN), e suas correlações com características genéticas e a influência da endogamia nos parâmetros genéticos de fertilidade. Animais com medidas de perímetro escrotal (PE) e volume testicular (VT) superior apresentaram coeficiente de correlação positivos para motilidade e vigor espermáticos. Para os defeitos maiores, menores e totais não foram encontradas correlações significativas (p> 0,05) com o PE e VT. As correlações entre andrológico e valores genéticos, diferença esperada na progênie e mérito genético total, não diferenciaram (p>0,05). O PE e o VT medidos aos 700 dias de vida tiveram uma correlação baixa com os pesos e perímetros mensurados em todas as idades. A motilidade e o vigor observados no andrológico não se corresponderam com nenhuma medida aferida até os 550 dias, mas correlacionaram-se positivamente com perímetro aos 700 dias. Diferentemente do observado aos 700 dias, os animais