Engineering Platelet Membrane Imitating Nanoparticles for Targeted Therapeutic Delivery.

Platelet membrane imitating nanoparticles (PMINs) is a novel drug delivery system that imitates the structure and functionality of platelet membranes. PMINs imitate surface markers of platelets to target specific cells and transport therapeutic cargo. PMINs are engineered by incorporating the drug into the platelet membrane and encapsulating it in a nanoparticle scaffold. This allows PMINs to circulate in the bloodstream and bind to target cells with high specificity, reducing off-target effects and improving therapeutic efficacy. The engineering of PMINs entails several stages, including the separation and purification of platelet membranes, the integration of therapeutic cargo into the membrane, and the encapsulation of the membrane in a nanoparticle scaffold. In addition to being involved in a few pathological conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, platelets are crucial to the body's physiological processes. This study includes the preparation and characterization of platelet membrane-like nanoparticles and focuses on their most recent advancements in targeted therapy for conditions, including cancer, immunological disorders, atherosclerosis, phototherapy, etc. PMINs are a potential drug delivery system that combines the advantages of platelet membranes with nanoparticles. The capacity to create PMMNs with particular therapeutic cargo and surface markers provides new possibilities for targeted medication administration and might completely change the way that medicine is practiced. Despite the need for more studies to optimize the engineering process and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PMINs in clinical trials, this technology has a lot of potential.

Engineered Bacteria: General Overview as Therapeutic Agent and a Novel Drug Delivery System.

Bacterial engineering modifies bacteria's genomic sequence using genetic engineering tools. These engineered bacteria can produce modified proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules that can be used to treat various medical conditions. Engineered bacteria can target diseased tissues or organs, detect specific biomarkers in the diseased environment, and even induce specific conditions. Furthermore, a meticulously designed intracellular metabolic pathway can activate or inhibit the expression of related genes, synthesise biologically active therapeutic molecules, and precisely deliver drug payloads to diseased tissues or organs. Lactococcus (L. lactis), Salmonella (S. typhi), and E. coli (E. coli Nissle) are the most studied engineered microorganisms used as drug carriers. These have been used in vaccines to treat multifactorial diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Other promising strains include Bifidobacterium animalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, and Clostridium sporogenes. Despite the low reported risk, toxic effects associated with bacterial cells, limiting their efficacy and rapid clearance due to immune responses stimulated by high bacterial concentrations, remain major drawbacks. As a result, a better and more effective method of drug delivery must be developed by combining bacterial-based therapies with other available treatments, and more research in this area is also needed.

Cardiac Computed Tomography as a Diagnostic Modality for the Assessment of Complex Congenital Heart Disease Management.

Here, we present a case of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return with the superior type of sinus venosus atrial septal defect. This case also had unusually persistent left-sided superior vena cava, which could not be diagnosed well in preoperative transthoracic echocardiography and required contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography scanning for proper diagnosing, operative planning, and avoidance of intraoperative problems. Postoperative, cardiac computed tomography scanning was also done to confirm adequate management.

Requirement of artificial intelligence technology awareness for thoracic surgeons.

Background: We have recently witnessed incredible interest in computer-based, internet web-dependent mechanisms and artificial intelligence (AI)-dependent technique emergence in our day-to-day lives. In the recent era of COVID-19 pandemic, this nonhuman, machine-based technology has gained a lot of momentum. Main body of the abstract: The supercomputers and robotics with AI technology have shown the potential to equal or even surpass human experts' accuracy in some tasks in the future. Artificial intelligence (AI) is prompting massive data interweaving with elements from many digital sources such as medical imaging sorting, electronic health records, and transforming healthcare delivery. But in thoracic surgical and our counterpart pulmonary medical field, AI's main applications are still for interpretation of thoracic imaging, lung histopathological slide evaluation, physiological data interpretation, and biosignal testing only. The query arises whether AI-enabled technology-based or autonomous robots could ever do or provide better thoracic surgical procedures than current surgeons but it seems like an impossibility now. Short conclusion: This review article aims to provide information pertinent to the use of AI to thoracic surgical specialists. In this review article, we described AI and related terminologies, current utilisation, challenges, potential, and current need for awareness of this technology.