[Physiology of Growth Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens for the Effects of Pesticides].

Aim: The aim of this work was to study the growth of the basal bacteriosis pathogen of wheat and determination the physiological changes of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens cells, during application of pesticides in the culture medium. Methods: The work carried out using classic microbiological methods, electron microscopy, electrophoresis, SDS PAGE. Results: It is shown that pesticides Twix and Alpha Super to reduce survival of P. syringae pv. atrofaciens UKM B-1011 in manufacturer's recommended doses. Pyrethroid insecticides Alpha Super, Twix and Granstar Gold 75 herbicide causes morphological dissociation of colonies of P. syringae pv. atrofaciens UKM B-1011, resulting in the appearance of R-forms. All R-dissociant in physiological and biochemical characteristics were not significantly different and had minor differences from the source S-form of P. syringae pv. atrofaciens UKM B-1011. Conclusions: Therefore, synthetic pesticides Alpha Super, Twix, Granstar Gold 75 promote dissociation of P. syringae pv. atrofaciens UKM B-1011, thereby increasing the heterogeneity of the bacterial populations and expanding the boundaries of endurance of specie.

Phytopathogenic Bacteria in Contemporary Agriculture.

Purpose: To study ecology, morphology, ultrastructure and biochemical characteristics of phytopathogenic bacteria; to determine bacterial diseases of plants and the patterns of their occurrence and development of the infectious process, to develop the mechanisms for plant disease control. Methods: Microbiological, physiological, biochemical, statistical. Results: Bacterial diseases of agricultural crops and related weeds and their causative agents in different cropping systems were described. Ecological niches of plant pathogenic bacteria were determined. Specialization of agents of bacterial diseases in plants was identified. Conclusions: It was established that a wide deterioration of crops and related weeds is caused by pathogenic bacteria of the following genera: Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Pectobacterium, Clavibacter, and Curtobacterium.

[THE SENSITIVITY OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA TO STREPTOMYCIN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES].

The results of the streptomycin sensitivity changes of phytopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas translucens bacteria under the action of pesticides are pre- sented. It is demonstrated that phytopathogenic strains show greater changes of strepto- mycin sensitivity compared to epiphytic Pantoea agglomerans strain under the pesticides influence. Granstar herbicide, Tviks and Alpha Super insecticides increase the number of streptomycin resistant cells of Xanthomonas translucens 3164, P syringae pv. syringae YKM B-1027 and P syringae pv. atrofaciens YKM B-1011. This fact indicates mutagenic action of these pesticides against researched phytopathogenic bacteria.

[Microbial biom of different soils and soil-climatic zones of Poltava region].

Researches of microbiological diversity of soil on natural grassland and farmland in conditions of soil- climatic zones of Poltava oblast were conducted. General microbiological activities of soil (intensity of linen decomposition, %), numerosity of the main ecological-trophic groups of soil microorganisms, numerosity of fungi were detected. Coefficients of mineralization-mobilization, pedotroficity, oligotrophicity were calculated in accordance with correlation of the main ecological-trophic groups of soil microorganisms. Results of soil microbiological monitoring are analyzed and generalized. Was determined that soil of natural ecosystem (natural grassland and virgin land) has highest intensity of decomposition of organic matter and was the most provided of nutrient in comparison with farmland.

[Influence of different adhesive composition on sporulation and protein synthesis by Bacillus thuringiensis collection strains].

The influence of different sticky-gene composition on sporulation and protein synthesis by B. thuringiensis collection strains has been investigated. It has been detemined that the most effective according this characteristics were B. thuringiensis collection strains 0293 and 98. It has been shown that the best on protein synthesis processes and sporulation by investigated B. thuringiensis strains influences adding to the culture medium sticky-gene compositions A and E in a concentration of from 10 to 15%.

[REP-PCR analysis of rapa's bacterial diseases agents].

BOX, ERIC and REP--genomic fingerprints of 12 isolated and 10 typical pathogenic for rape bacterial strains Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Pectobacterium genera have been analyzed. The affinity of isolated strains with representatives of P. marginalis pv. marginalis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris species has been determined.

[Sinorhizobium meliloti strains screening for efficient bactarization of Melilotus albus Medik].

The data presents about analytical selection of root nodule bacteria of Melilotus to obtain bacterial fertilizer under sweet clover, presowing inoculation of it seeds and form a legume-rhizobial effective symbiosis. From natural melilot population a number of new strains had been allocated, inoculation of them was contributed to an increase of height. biomass Melilotus albus Medik., and nitrogenase activity in comparison to the influence of the existing production strains. The identification of most effective strains Sinorhizobium meliloti had been determined.

Ability of strain Pseudomonas fluorescens P 10 to colonize Brassica capitata var.alba Lizg.

By using the method which has been developed for isolation and studying of microorganism strains, associative to particular plant species, the strain Pseudomonas fluorescens P10 has been isolated and its features of colonization of cabbage plant organs has been studied. In this study, different colonizing abilities of the strain are shown depending on the site of its isolation during germination and development of plants from inoculated seeds Brassica capitata var. alba Lizg. The ability of the strain to exist in epiphytic and endophytic forms and interaction with cabbage plants has been determined. It has been shown that this method can be used for strain activation during passage through plants.

Phytopathogenic bacteria in the system of modern agriculture.

The stages of studying bacterial diseases of crops and weeds at various farming systems have been characterized, biological properties have been investigated and pathogens identified using traditional and modern molecular genetic methods of research.

[Soil microbiological monitoring of natural and transformed ecosystems in the trans-Carpathian region of Ukraine].

Results of soil microbiological monitoring of virgin forests and transformed ecosystems are analyzed and generalized. It is shown, that the number of main ecological-trophic groups of soil microorganisms varies with the height of forest massive and level of anthropogenic load. The level of biological activity of all studied transformed ecosystems was the lowest in the soil of territories directly adjacent to the railroad and highway. The maximum value of soil biological activity was fixed in virgin forest ecosystems. The level of phytotoxical activity of soil in the transformed ecosystems was three times higher, than in the virgin forests. Phytotoxicity of soil is the informative indicator: it can be used for soil monitoring studies to evaluate anthropogenic impact on ecosystems.

[Bacterial diseases of rape].

Bacterial destruction of the culture was described and its agents identified in the spring and winter rape crops. Typical symptoms are the following: browning of stem tissue and its mucilagization, chlorosis of leaves, yellowing and beginning of soft rot in the place of leaf stalks affixion to stems, loss of pigmentation (violet). Pathogenic properties of the collection strains and morphological, cultural, physiological, and biochemical properties of the agents of rape's bacterial diseases isolated by the authors have been investigated. It was found that all the isolates selected by the authors are highly or moderately aggressive towards different varieties of rape. According to the complex of phenotypic properties 44% of the total number of isolates selected by the authors are related to representatives of the genus Pseudomonas, 37% - to Xanthomonas and 19% - to Pectobacterium.

[Identification of Azospirillum genus bacteria isolated from the spring wheat root zone].

Bacteria with high N2-fixing activity were isolated from the root zone of spring wheat grown on leach chernozem and soddy podzolic soil in Ukrainian marshy woodlands. They were characterized by phenotypic signs and investigated with the help of molecular-genetic methods. On the basis of diagnostic signs the investigated strains were referred to Azospirillum brasilense from Azospirillum genus. Their 3'- and 5'-thermal 16S RNA hypervariable sites with length from 373 to 395 nucleotides were amplified and sequenced. The comparative analysis of results confirmed the 100% identity of 16S RNA sequences from investigated bacteria with the same sequences of A. brasilense from Gene Bank database. Thus the results of sequence analysis agree with results obtained during the investigation of phenotypic signs.

[Department of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: the past and the present].

Basic trends of the Department since the time of its foundation and till the present have been analyzed. The main attention was given the study of bacteria-agents ofplant diseases, their biological properties and ecological role, relationships with epiphytic and endophytic microflora, detection of their new ecological niches, with the use of traditional and modern molecular-genetic methods of research. Possible spheres of application of biopolymers of phytopathogenic bacteria have been considered.

[Biological diversity of soybean nodule bacteria in soils of Ukraine].

The strains of soybean nodule bacteria (n = 140) were allocated from the nodules of soybean which grew up on six soil types. For the first time the strains with intensive growth have been discovered among the microsymbionts of soybean. It is established that these strains were highly specific for the host-plant, but were different in morphology, growth-rate, accumulation of the extracellular polysaccharides, antibiotics sensitivity and ability for using carbohydrates. Properties of these strains did not change after the repeated passage through a host-plant. The similarity in fatty acids spectra is marked for the strain with the intensive growth KB1-1 and slow-growing strains 6346 and KC2-3. Quantitative and qualitative differences in monosaccharides structure of EPS of investigated strains are revealed. Presence ofxylose (2.7%) and the raised contents of rhamnose (18.4%) is differentiated from EPS of strain KB1-2 and EPS of strains KC2-3 and 6346. The paper is presented in Ukrainian.

[Adaptation of Chaetomium globosum 3250 Kunze ex Fr. to the rhizosphere of spring wheat and its ability to colonize the root system].

The ability of the natural strain of marsupial fungus Chaetomium globosum 3250 to adapt to the rhizosphere soil of the spring wheat, and to colonize its root system has been studied in the laboratory and field experiments. It is established that C. globosum 3250 adapts to the rhyzosphere soil of culture during vegetative period, actively colonizes the culture root system, forcing the agents of roots rots out of it. A preparation of Khetomyk is created on the basis of the above culture for the improvement of plants feeding and their defence from the agents of root diseases. When applying Khetomyk on sowings of the spring wheat a considerable limitation of development of root rots took place (the disease distribution decreased 2.9 times, and intensity of display--3.9 times), as well as the improvement of plants' feeding, increase of chlorophyll a and b maintenance in leafs. All these provided the considerable increase of the spring wheat harvest--by 30.1% as compared to the control. The culture harvest structure analysis revealed positive influence of Chetomyk on the ear length, the number of seeds in the ear, mass of the seeds in the ear. In experiments with the spring wheat grown in sterile conditions, the ability of C. globosum 3250 to penetrate inside in rhyzoderma cells and root fuzzes and to form carposomes on the root surface has been shown.

[Effect of aboriginal populations of soy nodule bacteria on symbiotic activity of introduced strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b]. / Vplyv aboryhennykh popyliatsiii bul'bochkovykh bakterii soï na symbiotychnu aktyvnist' introdukovanoho shtamu Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b.

The method of limit dilutions was used to determine the number of soy nodule bacteria in soils of different regions of Ukraine. Symbiotic properties of aboriginal populations of soy rhizobia have been studied under the conditions of vegetation researches, their effect on activity of the introduced strain B. japonicum 634b has been shown. Numerous aboriginal populations of soy nodule bacteria (200-3500 units per 1 g of soil) have been found in soils of fields where soy was sown during a long period of time. It is shown that they provide for the highest degree of plants infection. These populations can compete with the standard strain. Activity of formation of symbiotic apparatus in the variants with inoculation of B. japonicum 634b remains invariable or something decreases. It has been established that populations of nodule bacteria are not numerous (20 units per 1 g of soil) or absolutely absent in the field soils where soy growing is only started. Seeds inoculation by the productive strain under conditions of these soils favours considerable increase of the number of nodules (1.3-22.0 times) and their nitrogenase activity (1.2-1.9 times).

[Antimicrobial properties of bee preparations in ointment form]. / Antymikrobni vlastyvosti apifitopreparativ u formi mazei.

High antimicrobial activity apiphytopreparation in the form of the ointments containing pine turpentine, different concentration of propolis (from 4 to 20 %), honey and carotene oil from carrots (ointment N 4) has been. While testing by the method of diffusion in agar all the studied apiphytopreparation suppressed growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus luteus, M. roseus. This effect increased with propolis content increase in the content of ointments. Bee honey and carotene oil intensified their antimicrobial activity. The latter was caused by the action of phenolic compounds, ether oils and other biologically active substances--the apiculture and vegetative raw material.

[The distribution of introduced nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rice root zone]. / Pozpodil introdukovanykh azotfiksuval'nykh bakterii u korenevii zoni rysu.

The most oxidized zone 0-1.5 mm of root, which determines the high number of aerobic diazotrophic microorganisms, the reduced zone 1.5-4.5 mm, where their quantity was decreased and maximum of anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria development observed as well as the reducing zone 4.5-7.5 mm, in which aerobic, obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria coexist, have been discovered in the rice root exudations and their decomposition products.

[Effect of Chaetomium cochliodes Palliser on micromycetes of the root zone of spring barley]. / Vplyv Chaetomium cochliodes Palliser na mikromitsety korenevoï zony iarogo iachmeniu.

The paper deals with the studies in species composition of micromycetes of the meadow-chernozem deleached soil in the root zone of spring barley and their interaction with the strain of fungus-antagonist Chaetomium cochliodes 3250, which served a basis for creation of the preparation--chetomik to protect plants from the root diseases agents. Differences were established between mycobiota of soil and root zone of plants; the most considerable ones are the differences between soil rhizoplane: the decrease of special diversity, changes in the number composition of numerous micromycete species. It has been shown that Chaetomium cochliodes 3250 manifests high antagonistic activity with respect to saprophytic and, especially, phytopathogenic fungi isolated from soil of spaces between rows, rhizosphere as well as rhizoplane of the spring barley which evidences for expediency of this strain use as the means of the culture protection from the root rots.