ABSTRACT
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Predicting the 10-year risk of cardiovascular events (CVEs) may save lives through timely intervention. Framingham risk scoring (FRS) can effectively predict this risk. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the 10-year risk of CVE using FRS and to estimate the prevalence of CVD risk factors and their associations with FRS among adults in the West Tripura District of India. Methodology: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 November 2019 to 30 November 2021 in the West Tripura District of India, using FRS 2008 and a pretested interview schedule among 290 individuals aged ≥ 30 years chosen by multistage sampling. Result: The majority, that is 61.7%, of the study subjects had low risk, 18.6% had intermediate risk and 19.7% had high risk of CVE within 10 years. The prevalence of hypertension was 55.6%; diabetes mellitus, 55.9%; smoking, 96.2%; dyslipidaemia, 34.3%; alcohol consumption, 96.2%; physical inactivity, 54%; and obesity, 64.6%. The bivariate analysis detected a significant association of FRS with age, sex, residence, literacy, marital status, obesity, smoking, alcoholism, blood pressure (BP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glycaemic status of the study subjects. The logistic regression analysis has identified age >50 years, male sex, hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitus as significant determinants of high FRS. Conclusion: Adults living in the West Tripura District of India have a high prevalence of CVD risk factors. About one-fifth of this population has a high risk of CVE in 10 years. Controlling hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitus may help reduce this risk.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: As per NFHS III, 4.5% of the teen aged women of Tripura were pregnant, 18.5% have begun childbearing, and 14% have given live births. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of teenage pregnancies among tribal and nontribal population of West and South districts of Tripura, to study the social practice of care during these pregnancies, and to assess the utilization of RCH services by them. METHODS: A community-based mixed method study was conducted from 5th September 2014 to 4th September 2015 among 2108 tribal and nontribal women aged 15 to ≤18 years residing in the undivided West and South districts of Tripura chosen by multistage sampling. RESULT: Among the study women, 93.5% were married, 6.3% were unmarried, and 0.2% was either divorced or widowed. Out of total, 21.35% were pregnant and 57.92% had already delivered. ASHA services were received by 59.73% and 72.13% in West and South districts and by 68.09% and 63.69% of the tribal and nontribal, respectively. JSY registration was 53.99% and 83.43% in West and South districts and 71.56% and 66.91% among tribal and nontribal, respectively. Antenatal check-up was received by 96.26% and 90.79% in West and South districts and 89.39% and 97.66% among tribal and nontribal ever pregnant women, respectively. Home deliveries were higher among tribal and they had inadequate postnatal check-up. Practice of isolated confinement following childbirth was fewer and these rooms were unclean and ill-ventilated though normal clothing was used. Qualitative component revealed that underutilization of RCH services was mainly due to poor quality of services, ignorance, and economic constraints to reach health facility. CONCLUSION: Teenage pregnancy is prevalent in Tripura and more among tribal. Ignorance of the women and poor quality of RCH services at primary health care level are responsible for its underutilization.