ABSTRACT
Caffeine is commonly consumed by pregnant women to avoid fatigue or as a habit. However, it is not clearly determined its side effects to the conceptuses. This study evaluated placental morphofunctional alterations after maternal chronic caffeine intake and the effects on fetal growth. Female Swiss mice received, via gavage, caffeine doses (either 60, 120 or 240 mg/kg/day) seven days before mating until gestational days-(GD) 11.5 or 17.5. Fetal biometrical parameters were assessed, and placentae were either submitted to histomorphometrical or molecular evaluation of angiogenesis (placental growth factor-1[PlGF-1]), apoptosis (Caspase-3) and proliferation (Ki-67) markers (evaluated in Swiss dams) and to intravital microscopy (evaluated in C57BL/6 dams). Caffeine exposed fetuses exhibited intrauterine growth restriction in a sex-dependent manner, with greater commitment of female fetuses (P < 0.05). In addition, placentae from dams that received 120 mg/kg/day showed less irrigation by maternal blood and greater development of fetal vasculature, characterized by higher number of larger vessels (P < 0.05). Although no effects on apoptosis (Caspase-3) and angiogenesis (PlGF-1) were observed, dams treated with 60 mg/kg/day showed greater placental cell proliferation (Ki-67 staining) at GD 11.5 (P < 0.05). The group treated with 240 mg/kg/day exhibited only one pregnant dam for each gestational age, suggesting that this high caffeine consumption may compromise fertility. Taken together, even in the doses currently ingested by many pregnant women, caffeine has detrimental effects on placental vasculature and fetal development in mice. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that caffeine consumption in human pregnancies greater than the recommended doses should be avoided.
ABSTRACT
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a serious condition of multifactorial origin, mainly caused by maternal malnutrition, multiple gestation associated with nutrient competition, abuse of nocive substances and infections. The diagnosis of such syndrome is complex, as its own manifestations can mask its occurrence, requiring a thorough assessment of body weight and size. Moreover, it is not responsive to any kind of treatment. There is evidence that IUGR may predispose the individual to several pathologies, such as diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in adulthood, and it has also been linked to thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Thus, a healthy lifestyle is needed to better prevent those pathologies. Given the world high prevalence and importance of IUGR, mainly in developing countries, this review is focused on discussing how different animal models contribute to the biological screening and diagnosis of this condition.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo com esta pesquisa foi caracterizar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar de pacientes com síndrome de ovários policísticos (SOPC). Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com portadoras de SOPC atendidas pela Equipe de Nutrição em serviço de atenção secundária à saúde. Foram obtidas informações sociodemográficas e perfil de saúde, medidas antropométricas, dados bioquímicos e do consumo alimentar. Participaram do estudo 54 mulheres, com média de 31,31± 5,76 anos, sendo 63% classificadas com algum grau de obesidade, 74,1% com risco cardiovascular segundo a razão cintura-quadril e 90,8% com circunferência de cintura aumentada. Houve correlação positiva entre a resistência insulina, mensurada pelo índice HOMA-IR, e índice de massa corporal (r=0,729; p=0,028). Além disso, houve elevada prevalência de consumo insuficiente de calorias (73,6%), carboidratos (54,7%) e micronutrientes (cálcio - 96,2%; ferro - 98,1%), contrastando com 71,7% de ingestão excessiva de lipídeos. Não houve associação entre estado nutricional, parâmetros bioquímicos e consumo alimentar (p>0,05). Concluiu-se que pacientes diagnosticadas com SOPC apresentam alta prevalência de obesidade e inadequações nutricionais, denotando importância de medidas de intervenção nutricional como parte do tratamento não farmacológico.
The present study aims at characterizing the nutritional status and food intake of patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). It is a cross-sectional study performed in patients with PCOStreated in secondary health care service by nutrition specialists.socio-demographic information, health profile, anthropometric measurements, biochemical and food intake data were obtained. The study included 54 women with an average age of 31.31 ±5.76 years: 63% were classified as obese at different levels; 74.1% presented cardiovascular risk according to waist-hip ratio, and 90.8% an increased waist circumference. Correlations between insulin resistance, measured by HOMA-IR index, and body mass index (r = 0.729, p = 0.028) were observed. Evaluation of nutritional intake revealed an insufficient amount of calories (73.6%), carbohydrates (54.7%), and micronutrients (calcium, 96.2%; iron, 98.1%). However 71.7% presented an excessive intake of lipids.There was no association between nutritional status, biochemical parameters and food intake (p> 0.05). PCOS patients present a high prevalence of obesity and nutritional inadequacies. Therefore, nutritional intervention strategies constitute important tools as a non-pharmacological treatment.
Este estudio buscó caracterizar el estado nutricional y consumo alimentario de las pacientes con Síndrome de Ovario Poliquístico (SOPQ). Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado con pacientes con SOPQ atendidas por el Equipo de Nutrición en servicios de atención secundaria de la salud. Se obtuvieron informaciones sociodemográficas y el perfil de salud, medidas antropométricas, datos bioquímicos y del consumo alimentario. En el estudio participaron 54 mujeres con edad promedio de 31,31± 5,76 años: 63% clasificadas con algún grado de obesidad; 74,1% con riesgo cardiovascular según la relación cintura-cadera y 90,8% con aumento de la circunferencia de cintura. Hubo correlación positiva entre la resistencia a la insulina, mensurada por el índice HOMA-IR, y el índice de masa corporal (r=0,729, p=0,028). Además, hubo elevada prevalencia de consumo insuficiente de calorías (73,6%), carbohidratos (54,7% y micronutrientes (calcio - 96,2%; hierro - 98.1%, en contraste con el 71,7% de ingesta excesiva de lípidos. No hubo asociación entre el estado nutricional, parámetros bioquímicos y consumo de alimentos (p>0,05). Pacientes diagnosticadas con SOPQ presentan una alta prevalencia de obesidad y deficiencias nutricionales. Por lo tanto, las medidas de intervención nutricional son herramientas importantes como parte del tratamiento no farmacológico.
