The size effect of BiFeO3 nanocrystals on the spatial spin modulated structure.

The spatial spin modulated structure (SSMS) of the cycloid type present in bulk BiFeO3 prevents the linear magnetoelectric effect. One way to influence this structure is to reduce the crystal size to the nanoscale. Various opinions are circulating in the literature about the effect of nanocrystal size on SSMS, and to investigate this issue, we used a number of methods, with zero-field NMR (ZF NMR) spectroscopy at the forefront. ZF NMR spectroscopy enables the direct observation of the distribution profile of local fields on iron atoms and defines the SSMS presence and its properties. We also examined the synthesized samples using XRD, TEM, and magnetometry. We conclude that SSMS persists as the nanocrystal size decreases to the cycloid period and less, becoming more harmonic. This is accompanied by the change of the anisotropy type from an "easy axis" to an "easy plane". Magnetic measurements show a significant increase in the saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, coercivity, and exchange bias of nanocrystals with sizes close to the cycloid period, which is probably associated with incomplete spin compensation in the case of an incomplete cycloid period. Despite the fact that SSMS is retained in the samples with decreased size, the magnetic properties experience a sharp increase up to applicable values.

[Features of CD68+ and CD163+ expression in the urinary bladder as a marker of cancer in age aspects.]

The study presents a study of the expression of CD68+ and CD163+ in the bladder as a marker of cancer in age-related aspects. As part of the work performed, 35 patients with bladder cancer with histological verification of the disease aged 36 to 70 years were studied. The role of CD68+ and CD163+ cells in bladder reactions can be interpreted as an indicator of diagnostic parameters of the activity of tissue macrophages and endothelial cells in cancer. Their progression during oncogenesis is especially pronounced in the group of middle-aged patients. In old age, there is a decrease in these parameters, which indicates in favor of a decrease in the activity of the development of oncological processes with age. The combination of morphological and immunological atypism leads to a violation of the functional specialization of the organ.

[A clinical case of severe vascular complication during implantation of three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis].

Injury of iliac vessels is one of the most disastrous complications of penile prosthesis implantation. There are no detailed descriptions of such cases in world literature. In this article, we present the clinical case of injury to the external iliac vein during the implantation of a three-piece penile prosthesis with particular emphasis on the consequences of such complication in the postoperative period. The article comprises a brief review of the literature on the methods of ectopic placement of the penile prosthesis reservoir.

Evaluation of New Immunohistochemical Approaches for the Study of Kidney Tumors in Geriatric.

Kidney malignancies are among the most deadly genitourinary tumors. It is more common in males and is often seen in people aged 60-70 years old. The incidence rate of kidney cancer seems to be increasing. One reason for this may be the fact that imaging techniques, such as computed tomography scans are more commonly used. These tests may lead to the accidental detection of more kidney cancers. Fortunately, kidney cancer is often detected in the early stages, when the tumor is small and confined to the kidney. The objective of this study was the development of new diagnostic immunohistochemical methods. Clinical examination material of 134 people, including 94 (70%) males and 40 (30%) females, were used in this study. Immunohistochemical staining of tryptase was carried out in compliance with the requirements using Anti-Mast Cell Tryptase antibodies. Goat anti-mouse antibodies #AS-M1-HRP were used as secondary antibodies, visualized with ImmPACTTM DAB Peroxidase Substrate Kit (#SK-4105) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The nuclei were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin, and the sections were embedded in a permanent mounting medium. The immunohistochemical study showed an increase in both tryptase- and chymase-positive mast cells in the renal parenchyma, compared with the control group. The number of mast cells with tryptase expression directly in the tumor was significantly less than the peritumoral localization. A similar pattern was observed for chymase-positive mast cells as the content of the tumor was more than 10 times higher than the intratumoral arrangement. The histological and immunological characteristics did not differ in different age groups. The immunohistochemical method of research in the diagnosis of renal tumors plays an important diagnostic and prognostic value. It can assist pathologists in difficult and ambiguous cases to correctly diagnose renal tumors. This will make it possible to prescribe the correct treatment and predict the course of malignant tumor growth in patients.

First Description of the Fur of Two Cubs of Fossil Cave Lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) Found in Yakutia in 2017 and 2018.

The first description of well-preserved fur of one male and one female cubs of the fossil cave lion Panthera spelaea (finds of 2017-2018, Semyuelyakh River, Yakutia, Russia) is presented in comparison with the fur of two cubs (a male and a female) of the extant African lion P. leo and adult lions of both species: the color, differentiation, configuration, microstructure, and internal design of hair of different categories are considered. The coat of the cave lion is similar but not identical to that of the African lion, because it contains a high thick undercoat of spiral-shaped thick and airy down hair. This difference is most pronounced in the cave lion cubs, in which, however, the fur is not differentiated to the same extent as in the adult. The microstructure of hair is species-specific and subject to intraspecific age-related variability. Adaptive features of the hair structure in the cave lion are noted.

[New combined endoscopic method of Zenker's diverticulum treatment].

Endoscopic treatment methods are currently a priority in the treatment of patients with Zenker's diverticulum. The optimal endoscopy should combine the positive aspects of traditional and tunnel technologies and be fairly simple from technical standpoint, the most radical and safe for the patient. This work evaluates the effectiveness of endoscopic cricopharyngeal esophagomyotomy using combined methods of treating patients with Zenker's diverticulum. From June, 2014 to December, 2018 A. S. Loginov City Clinical Scientific Centre performed 30 surgeries using a new combined technique. The average surgery time is 37.5 minutes. No postoperative complications. Control X-ray examination has shown almost complete absence of the residual cavity of the diverticulum. The combined endoscopic method of treating patients with Zenker's diverticulum allows to create conditions for preventing the recurrence of the disease, thereby ensuring the best result of treatment.

Comprehensive Analysis of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes from the Filamentous Fungus Scytalidium candidum 3C.

Complete enzymatic degradation of plant polysaccharides is a result of combined action of various carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of the filamentous fungus Scytalidium candidum 3C for processing of plant biomass. Structural annotation of the improved assembly of S. candidum 3C genome and functional annotation of CAZymes revealed putative gene sequences encoding such proteins. A total of 190 CAZyme-encoding genes were identified, including 104 glycoside hydrolases, 52 glycosyltransferases, 28 oxidative enzymes, and 6 carbohydrate esterases. In addition, 14 carbohydrate-binding modules were found. Glycoside hydrolases secreted during the growth of S. candidum 3C in three media were analyzed with a variety of substrates. Mass spectrometry analysis of the fungal culture liquid revealed the presence of peptides identical to 36 glycoside hydrolases, three proteins without known enzymatic function belonging to the same group of families, and 11 oxidative enzymes. The activity of endo-hemicellulases was determined using specially synthesized substrates in which the glycosidic bond between monosaccharide residues was replaced by a thio-linkage. During analysis of the CAZyme profile of S. candidum 3C, four ß-xylanases from the GH10 family and two ß-glucanases from the GH7 and GH55 families were detected, partially purified, and identified.

Phase transitions in a programmable quantum spin glass simulator.

Understanding magnetic phases in quantum mechanical systems is one of the essential goals in condensed matter physics, and the advent of prototype quantum simulation hardware has provided new tools for experimentally probing such systems. We report on the experimental realization of a quantum simulation of interacting Ising spins on three-dimensional cubic lattices up to dimensions 8 × 8 × 8 on a D-Wave processor (D-Wave Systems, Burnaby, Canada). The ability to control and read out the state of individual spins provides direct access to several order parameters, which we used to determine the lattice's magnetic phases as well as critical disorder and one of its universal exponents. By tuning the degree of disorder and effective transverse magnetic field, we observed phase transitions between a paramagnetic, an antiferromagnetic, and a spin-glass phase.

Femtosecond laser written waveguides deep inside silicon.

Photonic devices that can guide, transfer, or modulate light are highly desired in electronics and integrated silicon (Si) photonics. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the creation of optical waveguides deep inside Si using femtosecond pulses at a central wavelength of 1.5 µm. To this end, we use 350 fs long, 2 µJ pulses with a repetition rate of 250 kHz from an Er-doped fiber laser, which we focused inside Si to create permanent modifications of the crystal. The position of the beam is accurately controlled with pump-probe imaging during fabrication. Waveguides that were 5.5 mm in length and 20 µm in diameter were created by scanning the focal position along the beam propagation axis. The fabricated waveguides were characterized with a continuous-wave laser operating at 1.5 µm. The refractive index change inside the waveguide was measured with optical shadowgraphy, yielding a value of 6×10-4, and by direct light coupling and far-field imaging, yielding a value of 3.5×10-4. The formation mechanism of the modification is discussed.

[Facial trauma and injury in children]. / Plaies et traumatismes de la face de l'enfant.

Facial traumas are common in children but often unconsidered. Facial injury is responsible of impressive bleeding because of the rich vascularization of the face; this bleeding is often underestimated because of the immediate arterial vasoconstriction that is very strong for children. The blood volume is 80ml/kg for a newborn, with a total of 250ml, reaching 70ml/kg at one year of age. The evaluation must be rigorously performed due to the risk of a sudden decompensation. Regarding the wounds, the primary repair must be performed directly neat or optimal in case of damaged tissues. The rule is to keep maximum of the integrity and to limit debridement. Careful repair often requires general anesthesia, especially in young children, to facilitate a perfect joining of the edges and of the mucocutaneous lines. Losses of substance should be treated by directed cicatrization. Flaps are never performed in children as a first intention for reasons developed below. Given the elasticity of the facial skeleton, fractures require a brutal shock to occur, but the clinical signs can be misleading. For instance, too specific and sometimes ignored, fractures can show weakly symptomatic signs : the fractures of the condylar and the orbital floor, with their respective complication that are temporomandibular bone ankylosis and definitive diplopia. Possible children abuse should be suspected in case of different age lesions and discrepancies between the told story and types of injuries. Once the vital urgency is eliminated, the orbital emergency should be first considered in facial traumas within the ophthalmology specialty because wounds and contusions of the globe are often under-evaluated and threaten the vision. The second emergency is the orbital floor fracture in its 'trapdoor' type, specific to the child. Combined with a motionless eye and uncontrollable vomiting, this is the second true urgency because it involves the prognosis of the oculomotricity and requires emergency surgery. Finally, dental trauma should not be overlooked because of their functional and aesthetic consequences. Primary cicatrization is usually rapid but scars remain inflammatory during a long time. The risk of hypertrophy exists in case of contusions and lacerations associated with wounds but also during puberty and in some locations. Age interfere with the result because growth will either improve or worsen the initial result, depending on the location and mechanism. The secondary specialized and prolonged managing and monitoring is capital on the functional, aesthetic and psychological points of view.

New data on the internal organs of a frozen Yukagir bison mummy (Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827), Yakutia, Russia.

The paper presents the first morphological description of the internal organs of a frozen corpse of the steppe bison Bison priscus (Bojanus, 1827) from the Holocene of northern Yakutia. Necropsy revealed that most of the internal organs, including the brain, heart with the main vessels, and reproductive system were well preserved. It demonstrated that the anatomy of this bison was close to that of the genera Bos and Bison. Trauma or pathological changes in the organs were not detected. The cause of death of the bison remains unknown.

Diffraction-limited, 10-W, 5-ns, 100-kHz, all-fiber laser at 1.55 µm.

This Letter reports on an all-fiber-integrated master-oscillator, power amplifier system at 1.55 µm producing 5-ns, 100-µJ pulses. These pulses are generated at a 100 kHz repetition rate, corresponding to 10 W of average power. The seed source is a low-power, current-modulated, single-frequency, distributed feedback semiconductor laser. System output is obtained from a standard single-mode fiber (Corning SMF-28). Consequently, the beam is truly diffraction limited, which was independently proven by M2 measurements. Further increase of peak power is limited by onset of significant spectral broadening due to nonlinear effects, primarily four-wave mixing. Numerical simulations based on six-level rate equations with full position- and time-dependence were developed to model propagation of pulses through the amplifier chain. This capability allows minimization of the amplified spontaneous emission, which can be directly measured using a fast acousto-optic modulator to gate the pulses.

Immune function surveillance: association with rejection, infection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND: Rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), and infection are significant causes of mortality in heart transplantation recipients. Assessing the immune status of a particular patient remains challenging. Although endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and angiography are effective for the identification of rejection and CAV, respectively, these are expensive, invasive, and may have numerous complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune function and assess its utility in predicting rejection, CAV, and infection in heart transplantation recipients. METHODS: We prospectively obtained samples at the time of routine EMB and when clinically indicated for measurement of the ImmuKnow assay (IM), 12 cytokines and soluble CD30 (sCD30). EMB specimens were evaluated for acute cellular rejection, and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). CAV was diagnosed by the development of angiographic coronary artery disease. Infectious episodes occurring during the next 30 days after testing were identified by the presence of positive bacterial or fungal cultures and/or viremia that prompted treatment with antimicrobials. RESULTS: We collected 162 samples from 56 cardiac transplant recipients. There were 31 infection episodes, 7 AMR, and 4 CAV cases. The average IM value was significantly lower during infection, (P = .04). Soluble CD30 concentrations showed significantly positive correlation with infection episodes, (P = .001). Significant positive correlation was observed between interleukin-5(IL-5) and AMR episodes (P = .008). Tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-8 showed significant positive correlation with CAV (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Immune function monitoring appears promising in predicting rejection, CAV, and infection in cardiac transplantation recipients. This approach may help in more individualized immunosuppression and it may also minimize unnecessary EMBs and cardiac angiographies.

ANALYSIS OF OLEUM HIPPOPHAES / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction: Hippophaes L.s is dioecious branched shrub or small tree with 1.5-3 m. height (Elaeagnaceae). Medicinal raw materials are Fructus Hippophaes from which we can get the Oleum Hippophaes. Hippophaes is widely used in traditional medicine as well as in the official medicine. Hippophaes oil is unique medication and natural concentrated product of bioactive substances. It is used for treatment gastrointestinal tract’s and gynecological diseases, cancer and atherosclerosis. Also it stimulates reparative processes, inhibits the activity of gastric proteases, activates secretion and motor function of intestine, reduces the level of cholesterol and lipids, and it has antioxidant properties. Widespread use of Oleum Hippophaes has led to the increasing number of producers and simultaneous increasing of poor quality products.The purpose of this work was to identify authenticity of conformity Oleum Hippophaes and to make quantitative analysis of carotenoids according to the Temporary Pharmacopeial monograph. The object of our analysis was Oleum Hippophaes (production of CJSC “Altayvitamines”) [1].To achieve this goal we had to make the following tasks: 1) to determine the refractive index and density of Oleum Hippophaes for qualitative analysis; 2) tomake quantitative analysis of carotenoids in Oleum Hippophaes by spectrophotometry. In the course of this work we made qualitative and quantitative analysis of Oleum Hippophaes. We have set quality parameters such as refractive index and density. The refractive index amounted n 20 = 1,472 (1,468 - 1,477), and density of Oleum Hippophaes was 0.919 g / ml (0.916 - 0.922 g / ml). According to the quantitative analysis the content of total carotenoids in Oleum Hippophaes was about 205 mg% (should be not less than 180 mg%) [2,3].Thus, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Oleum Hippophaes revealed conformity with basic parameters of the Temporary Pharmacopoeial monograph ¹42- 1698-87.References:1) Samylina I.A., Muraeva D.A., Yakovlev G.P. Pharmacognosy. – M: Medicine, 2007. 400 p.2) Temporary pharmacopoeia article ¹42-1698-87.3) State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed 10 (part 2) Common methods of physico-chemical, chemical, and biological research. USSR Ministry of Health.- 10th ed., Ext. - M: Medicine, 1968. - 743 p.

Progressive loss of phasic, but not tonic, GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition in dentate granule cells in a model of post-traumatic epilepsy in rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for the development of epilepsy, which can occur months to years after the insult. The hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to the pathophysiological effects of TBI. Here, we determined whether there are long-term changes in inhibition in the dentate gyrus that could contribute to the progressive susceptibility to seizures after TBI. We used severe lateral-fluid percussion brain injury to induce TBI in rats. In this model, spontaneous seizure activity, which involves the hippocampus, appears after a long latent period, resembling the human condition. We demonstrate that synaptic GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition is profoundly reduced in ipsilateral dentate granule cells 1 month after TBI. Moreover, synaptic inhibition decreases over time, and by 6 months after TBI, it is also significantly decreased contralaterally. Progressive loss of synaptic inhibition is paralleled by a decline in the number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons, but, in contrast to status epilepticus models, GABA(A) receptor subunit expression is largely unaltered. At both time points, the magnitude of tonic GABA(A) receptor-mediated currents after TBI is maintained, indicating a preservation of the inhibitory constraint of granule cells through tonic inhibition. Our results extend the time window during which strategies to target epileptogenesis may be effective.

Optical detection system for probing cantilever deflections parallel to a sample surface.

To date, commercial atomic force microscopes have been optimized for measurements of forces perpendicular to the sample surface. In many applications, sensitive parallel force measurements are desirable. These can be obtained by positioning the cantilever with its long axis perpendicular to the sample: the so-called pendulum geometry. We present a compact optical beam deflection system which solves the geometrical constraint problems involved in focusing a light beam onto a cantilever in the pendulum geometry. We demonstrate the performance of the system on measurements of forces imparted by a muscle myofibril, which is in-plane to a high-magnification objective of an optical microscope.

[Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and their tissue inhibitors 1 and 2 in papillary thyroid cancer: an association with the clinical, morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of a tumor].

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) was ascertained to be characterized by a significant expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and 9) and a TIMP-2 inhibitor and decreased TIMP-1 accumulation in the cytoplasm of tumor cells; at the same time a combination of high cytoplasmic MMP-9 expression with no TIMP-1, as well as triple positive co-expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 are poor immunohistochemical indicators. The results of the performed study suggest that the detection of the types of expression of MMP-9+/TIMP-1 and MMP-2+/MMP-9+/TIMP-2+ is associated with the possible progression of a tumor process and concurrent with poor clinical and morphological signs, such as the large size of the tumor, the presence of intravascular invasion and regional metastases, organ capsular invasion, and low ultrastructural tumor cell differentiation. Thus, changes in the tumor expression of the extracellular matrix enzymes MMR-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 along with the major clinical, morphological, and ultrastructural signs of the disease are important additional indicators for analyzing the malignant potential of PTC.

[Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of thyroid cancer].

The morphofunctional diagnosis of different forms of thyroid cancer should be made by immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies.