The effect of non-pharmacological interventions on sleep quality in people with sleep disturbances: A systematic review and a meta-analysis.

Sleep is the elixir of life. Both healthy populations and patients with chronic diseases experience sleep disturbances in their lifetime. Pharmacological agents to induce sleep in individuals with sleep disturbances pose side effects like tolerance and dependence, warranting the development of alternative non-pharmacological interventions with less or no adverse effects. However, deciphering comprehensive evidence on the translational potential of these alternative therapies remains difficult. In the current paper, we systematically reviewed the recent literature on the effect of non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) on improving sleep quality in both healthy and diseased populations experiencing sleep disturbances. We searched PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Controlled Trials, and Web of Science databases from inception to June 2022 for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies evaluating the sleep quality of individuals. We performed a meta-analysis using the random effects model with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) as an outcome measure to evaluate the effect of five distinct NPIs on sleep quality in normal and people with different medical conditions. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were done for heterogeneity analysis and to check the consistency of results, respectively. In 16 trials reporting on 1885 subjects, that all NPIs like Resistance Training (SMD -0.29, 95% CI -0.64 to 0.05; p = 0.09); Yoga (SMD -0.48, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.25; p < 0.0001); Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (SMD -1.69, 95% CI -2.70 to -0.68; p = 0.001); Music (SMD -1.42, 95% CI -1.99 to -0.85; p < 0.00001); Light (SMD -0.43, 95% CI -0.77 to -0.09; p = 0.01) have substantially decreased the global PSQI scores. The findings of the randomized studies and a cohort study included in qualitative synthesis demonstrated that the global PSQI scores improved significantly as compared to the placebo groups. Despite the limitations of clinical heterogeneity in subjects, our results demonstrate a positive impact of the studied NPIs on sleep quality in individuals experiencing sleep disturbances. However, comprehensive double-blinded controlled trials are indispensable in the future, emphasizing the objective sleep quality and inter-individual differences in response to the intervention.

COVID-WideNet-A capsule network for COVID-19 detection.

Ever since the outbreak of COVID-19, the entire world is grappling with panic over its rapid spread. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to detect its presence. Timely diagnostic testing leads to the quick identification, treatment and isolation of infected people. A number of deep learning classifiers have been proved to provide encouraging results with higher accuracy as compared to the conventional method of RT-PCR testing. Chest radiography, particularly using X-ray images, is a prime imaging modality for detecting the suspected COVID-19 patients. However, the performance of these approaches still needs to be improved. In this paper, we propose a capsule network called COVID-WideNet for diagnosing COVID-19 cases using Chest X-ray (CXR) images. Experimental results have demonstrated that a discriminative trained, multi-layer capsule network achieves state-of-the-art performance on the COVIDx dataset. In particular, COVID-WideNet performs better than any other CNN based approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 infected patients. Further, the proposed COVID-WideNet has the number of trainable parameters that is 20 times less than that of other CNN based models. This results in fast and efficient diagnosing COVID-19 symptoms and with achieving the 0.95 of Area Under Curve (AUC), 91% of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity respectively. This may also assist radiologists to detect COVID and its variant like delta.

An In-depth Proteomic Map of Leishmania donovani Isolate from Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) Patient.

BACKGROUND: The trypanosomatid protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. The patients that have undergone treatment may still harbor the parasite and in a small fraction of the patients the disease re-erupts in the form of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). PKDL is a pathological condition found to be intermediate between VL and complete cure of VL. The PKDL disease progression is determined by the host immune response to L. donovani. The majority of the proteomic studies on L. donovani till date have been undertaken on parasites either isolated from kala-azar patients or on established laboratory strains of L. donovani. However, no proteomic information is available on the cutaneous localized isolates of L. donovani from PKDL patients. METHODS: The promastigote stage of L. donovani isolate from PKDL patient was cultured and harvested. The cell lysates were trypsin digested, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The LC-MS/MS raw data were analyzed on Proteome Discoverer. Further bioinformatics analysis was carried out. RESULTS: In the present, we have used high-resolution mass spectrometry to map the global proteome of a L. donovani isolate from PKDL patient. This in-depth study resulted in the identification of 5537 unique proteins from PKDL isolate of L. donovani which covered 64% of its proteome. OUTCOME: This study also identified proteins previously shown to be upregulated in PKDL L. donovani. This is the most in-depth proteome of Leishmania donovani parasite till date.

Sensing Host Arginine Is Essential for Leishmania Parasites' Intracellular Development.

Arginine homeostasis in lysosomes is critical for the growth and metabolism of mammalian cells. Phagolysosomes of macrophages are the niche where the parasitic protozoan Leishmania resides and causes human leishmaniasis. During infection, parasites encounter arginine deprivation, which is monitored by a sensor on the parasite cell surface. The sensor promptly activates a mitogen-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPK2)-mediated arginine deprivation response (ADR) pathway, resulting in upregulating the abundance and activity of the Leishmania arginine transporter (AAP3). Significantly, the ADR is also activated during macrophage infection, implying that arginine levels within the host phagolysosome are limiting for growth. We hypothesize that ADR-mediated upregulation of AAP3 activity is necessary to withstand arginine starvation, suggesting that the ADR is essential for parasite intracellular development. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of the AAP3 locus yielded mutants that retain a basal level of arginine transport but lack the ability to respond to arginine starvation. While these mutants grow normally in culture, they were impaired in their ability to develop inside THP-1 macrophages and were ∼70 to 80% less infective in BALB/c mice. Hence, inside the host macrophage, Leishmania must overcome the arginine "hunger games" by upregulating the transport of arginine via the ADR. We show that the ability to monitor and respond to changes in host metabolite levels is essential for pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE In this study, we report that the ability of the human pathogen Leishmania to sense and monitor the lack of arginine in the phagolysosome of the host macrophage is essential for disease development. Phagolysosomes of macrophages are the niche where Leishmania resides and causes human leishmaniasis. During infection, the arginine concentration in the phagolysosome decreases as part of the host innate immune response. An arginine sensor on the Leishmania cell surface activates an arginine deprivation response pathway that upregulates the expression of a parasite arginine transporter (AAP3). Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of the AAP3 locus to show that this response enables Leishmania parasites to successfully compete with the host macrophage in the "hunger games" for arginine.

Genome-Wide Proteomics and Phosphoproteomics Analysis of Leishmania spp. During Differentiation.

Determining variations in protein abundance and/or posttranslational modification as a function of time or upon induction by a signal in a particular cell type is central to quantitative proteomics. Isobaric labeling methodologies now allow for parallel quantification of proteins at various conditions concurrently or multiplexing in relatively quantitative proteomics workflows. Hence, mapping the protein expression profiles of various developmental stages of Leishmania parasites is possible with high-resolution mass spectrometry. To analyze global changes in protein expression and cellular signaling pathways during Leishmania differentiation and development is possible with a quantitative proteomics approach. The tandem mass tags (TMT) approach provides a chemical labeling method based on the principle of amine reactive tags; the maximum number of conditions that can be multiplexed is 10-plex. We describe herein a detailed method for sample preparation, TMT-labeling, mass spectrometry and data analysis of different developmental stages of Leishmania donovani parasites. This quantitative proteomic approach is useful to study dynamic changes in protein expression levels during L. donovani differentiation, and also allows in-depth analysis of signaling pathways via phosphoproteomics.

The arginine sensing and transport binding sites are distinct in the human pathogen Leishmania.

The intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani causes human visceral leishmaniasis. Intracellular L. donovani that proliferate inside macrophage phagolysosomes compete with the host for arginine, creating a situation that endangers parasite survival. Parasites have a sensor that upon arginine deficiency activates an Arginine Deprivation Response (ADR). L. donovani transport arginine via a high-affinity transporter (LdAAP3) that is rapidly up-regulated by ADR in intracellular amastigotes. To date, the sensor and its ligand have not been identified. Here, we show that the conserved amidino group at the distal cap of the arginine side chain is the ligand that activates ADR, in both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and that arginine sensing and transport binding sites are distinct in L. donovani. Finally, upon addition of arginine and analogues to deprived cells, the amidino ligand activates rapid degradation of LdAAP3. This study provides the first identification of an intra-molecular ligand of a sensor that acts during infection.

ESCC ATLAS: A population wide compendium of biomarkers for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most aggressive malignancy and its treatment remains a challenge due to the lack of biomarkers that can facilitate early detection. EC is identified in two major histological forms namely - Adenocarcinoma (EAC) and Squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), each showing differences in the incidence among populations that are geographically separated. Hence the detection of potential drug target and biomarkers demands a population-centric understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of EC. To provide an adequate impetus to the biomarker discovery for ESCC, which is the most prevalent esophageal cancer worldwide, here we have developed ESCC ATLAS, a manually curated database that integrates genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic ESCC-related genes from the published literature. It consists of 3475 genes associated to molecular signatures such as, altered transcription (2600), altered translation (560), contain copy number variation/structural variations (233), SNPs (102), altered DNA methylation (82), Histone modifications (16) and miRNA based regulation (261). We provide a user-friendly web interface ( http://www.esccatlas.org , freely accessible for academic, non-profit users) that facilitates the exploration and the analysis of genes among different populations. We anticipate it to be a valuable resource for the population specific investigation and biomarker discovery for ESCC.

A novel protein coding potential of long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) in the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Leishmania major.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by a kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Leishmania major, as a skin ulcer at the site of the sandfly bite. CL is curable and in most cases ulcers heal spontaneously within three to six months leaving a scar and disfiguration. Complete genome of L. major was reported in 2005 at the very initial phase of kinetoplastid parasite genome sequencing project. Presently, L. major genome is most studied and comprehensively annotated genome and therefore, it is being used as a reference genome for annotating recently sequenced Leishmanial genomes. A recent study reporting global transcriptome of L. major promastigotes, identified 1884 uniquely expressed non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) in L. major. In the current study, an in-depth analysis of the 1884 novel ncRNAs was carried out using a proteogenomic approach to identify their protein coding potential. Our analysis resulted in identification of eight novel protein coding genes based on mass spectrometry data. We have analyzed each of these eight novel CDS and in the process have improved the genome annotation of L. major on the basis of mass spectrometry derived peptide data. Although sequenced a decade ago, the improvement in the L. major genome annotation thus is an ongoing process.

A proteomic map of the unsequenced kala-azar vector Phlebotomus papatasi using cell line.

The debilitating disease kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. The parasite is transmitted by the hematophagous sand fly vector of the genus Phlebotomus in the old world and Lutzomyia in the new world. The predominant Phlebotomine species associated with the transmission of kala-azar are Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus argentipes. Understanding the molecular interaction of the sand fly and Leishmania, during the development of parasite within the sand fly gut is crucial to the understanding of the parasite life cycle. The complete genome sequences of sand flies (Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia) are currently not available and this hinders identification of proteins in the sand fly vector. The current study utilizes a three frame translated transcriptomic data of P. papatasi in the absence of genomic sequences to analyze the mass spectrometry data of P. papatasi cell line using a proteogenomic approach. Additionally, we have carried out the proteogenomic analysis of P. papatasi by comparative homology-based searches using related sequenced dipteran protein data. This study resulted in the identification of 1313 proteins from P. papatasi based on homology. Our study demonstrates the power of proteogenomic approaches in mapping the proteomes of unsequenced organisms.

Comprehensive proteomics analysis of glycosomes from Leishmania donovani.

Leishmania donovani is a kinetoplastid protozoan that causes a severe and fatal disease kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis. L. donovani infects human host after the phlebotomine sandfly takes a blood meal and resides within the phagolysosome of infected macrophages. Previous studies on host-parasite interactions have not focused on Leishmania organelles and the role that they play in the survival of this parasite within macrophages. Leishmania possess glycosomes that are unique and specialized subcellular microbody organelles. Glycosomes are known to harbor most peroxisomal enzymes and, in addition, they also possess nine glycolytic enzymes. In the present study, we have carried out proteomic profiling using high resolution mass spectrometry of a sucrose density gradient-enriched glycosomal fraction isolated from L. donovani promastigotes. This study resulted in the identification of 4022 unique peptides, leading to the identification of 1355 unique proteins from a preparation enriched in L. donovani glycosomes. Based on protein annotation, 566 (41.8%) were identified as hypothetical proteins with no known function. A majority of the identified proteins are involved in metabolic processes such as carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism. Our present proteomic analysis is the most comprehensive study to date to map the proteome of L. donovani glycosomes.

Downregulation of S100 Calcium Binding Protein A9 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is poorly understood and the major regulatory molecules involved in the process of tumorigenesis have not yet been identified. We had previously employed a quantitative proteomic approach to identify differentially expressed proteins in ESCC tumors. A total of 238 differentially expressed proteins were identified in that study including S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) as one of the major downregulated proteins. In the present study, we carried out immunohistochemical validation of S100A9 in a large cohort of ESCC patients to determine the expression and subcellular localization of S100A9 in tumors and adjacent normal esophageal epithelia. Downregulation of S100A9 was observed in 67% (n = 192) of 288 different ESCC tumors, with the most dramatic downregulation observed in the poorly differentiated tumors (99/111). Expression of S100A9 was restricted to the prickle and functional layers of normal esophageal mucosa and localized predominantly in the cytoplasm and nucleus whereas virtually no expression was observed in the tumor and stromal cells. This suggests the important role that S100A9 plays in maintaining the differentiated state of epithelium and suggests that its downregulation may be associated with increased susceptibility to tumor formation.

A bioinformatics approach to reanalyze the genome annotation of kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani.

Leishmania donovani is a kinetoplastid protozoan parasite which causes the fatal disease visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Genome sequencing of L. donovani revealed information about the arrangement of genes and genome architecture. After curation of the genome sequence, many genes in L. donovani were assigned as truncated or "partial" genes by the genome sequencing group. In the present study, we have carried out an extensive analysis and attempted to improve the gene models of these partial genes. Our analysis resulted in the identification of 308 partial genes in L. donovani, which were further categorized as C-terminal extensions, joining of genes, tandemly repeated paralogs and wrong chromosomal assignments. We have analyzed each of these genes from these categories and have improved the annotation of existing gene models in L. donovani. Some of these corrections have been confirmed by mass spectrometry derived peptide data from our previous comparative proteogenomics study in L. donovani.

Neglected tropical diseases and omics science: proteogenomics analysis of the promastigote stage of Leishmania major parasite.

Among the neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis is one of the most devastating, resulting in significant mortality and contributing to nearly 2 million disability-adjusted life years. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a debilitating disorder caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Leishmania major, which results in disfiguration and scars. L. major genome was the first to be sequenced within the genus Leishmania. Use of proteomic data for annotating genomes is a complementary approach to conventional genome annotation approaches and is referred to as proteogenomics. We have used a proteogenomics-based approach to map the proteome of L. major and also annotate its genome. In this study, we searched L. major promastigote proteomic data against the annotated L. major protein database. Additionally, we searched the proteomic data against six-frame translated L. major genome. In all, we identified 3613 proteins in L. major promastigotes, which covered 43% of its proteome. We also identified 26 genome search-specific peptides, which led to the identification of three novel genes previously not identified in L. major. We also corrected the annotation of N-termini of 15 genes, which resulted in extension of their protein products. We have validated our proteogenomics findings by RT-PCR and sequencing. In addition, our study resulted in identification of 266 N-terminally acetylated peptides in L. major, one of the largest acetylated peptide datasets thus far in Leishmania. This dataset should be a valuable resource to researchers focusing on neglected tropical diseases.

Moving from unsequenced to sequenced genome: reanalysis of the proteome of Leishmania donovani.

The kinetoplastid protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani, is the causative agent of kala azar or visceral leishmaniasis. Kala azar is a severe form of leishmaniasis that is fatal in the majority of untreated cases. Studies on proteomic analysis of L. donovani thus far have been carried out using homology-based identification based on related Leishmania species (L. infantum, L. major and L. braziliensis) whose genomes have been sequenced. Recently, the genome of L. donovani was fully sequenced and the data became publicly available. We took advantage of the availability of its genomic sequence to carry out a more accurate proteogenomic analysis of L. donovani proteome using our previously generated dataset. This resulted in identification of 17,504 unique peptides upon database-dependent search against the annotated proteins in L. donovani. These peptides were assigned to 3999 unique proteins in L. donovani. 2296 proteins were identified in both the life stages of L. donovani, while 613 and 1090 proteins were identified only from amastigote and promastigote stages, respectively. The proteomic data was also searched against six-frame translated L. donovani genome, which led to 255 genome search-specific peptides (GSSPs) resulting in identification of 20 novel genes and correction of 40 existing gene models in L. donovani. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Leishmania donovani genome sequencing was recently completed, which permitted us to use a proteogenomic approach to map its proteome and to carry out annotation of it genome. This resulted in mapping of 50% (3999 proteins) of L. donovani proteome. Our study identified 20 novel genes previously not predicted from the L. donovani genome in addition to correcting annotations of 40 existing gene models. The identified proteins may help in better understanding of stage-specific protein expression profiles in L. donovani and to identify novel stage-specific drug targets in L. donovani which could be used in the treatment of leishmaniasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.

Quantitative proteomics for identifying biomarkers for Rabies.

INTRODUCTION: Rabies is a fatal acute viral disease of the central nervous system, which is a serious public health problem in Asian and African countries. Based on the clinical presentation, rabies can be classified into encephalitic (furious) or paralytic (numb) rabies. Early diagnosis of this disease is particularly important as rabies is invariably fatal if adequate post exposure prophylaxis is not administered immediately following the bite. METHODS: In this study, we carried out a quantitative proteomic analysis of the human brain tissue from cases of encephalitic and paralytic rabies along with normal human brain tissues using an 8-plex isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) strategy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We identified 402 proteins, of which a number of proteins were differentially expressed between encephalitic and paralytic rabies, including several novel proteins. The differentially expressed molecules included karyopherin alpha 4 (KPNA4), which was overexpressed only in paralytic rabies, calcium calmodulin dependent kinase 2 alpha (CAMK2A), which was upregulated in paralytic rabies group and glutamate ammonia ligase (GLUL), which was overexpressed in paralytic as well as encephalitic rabies. We validated two of the upregulated molecules, GLUL and CAMK2A, by dot blot assays and further validated CAMK2A by immunohistochemistry. These molecules need to be further investigated in body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid in a larger cohort of rabies cases to determine their potential use as antemortem diagnostic biomarkers in rabies. This is the first study to systematically profile clinical subtypes of human rabies using an iTRAQ quantitative proteomics approach.

SILAC-based quantitative proteomic analysis of gastric cancer secretome.

PURPOSE: Gastric cancer is a commonly occurring cancer in Asia and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. However, there is no reliable blood-based screening test for this cancer. Identifying proteins secreted from tumor cells could lead to the discovery of clinically useful biomarkers for early detection of gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approach was employed to identify secreted proteins that were differentially expressed between neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastric epithelial cells. Proteins from the secretome were subjected to SDS-PAGE and SCX-based fractionation, followed by mass spectrometric analysis on an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. Immunohistochemical labeling was employed to validate a subset of candidates using tissue microarrays. RESULTS: We identified 2205 proteins in the gastric cancer secretome of which 263 proteins were overexpressed greater than fourfold in gastric cancer-derived cell lines as compared to non-neoplastic gastric epithelial cells. Three candidate proteins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), lectin mannose binding 2 (LMAN2), and PDGFA-associated protein 1 (PDAP1) were validated by immunohistochemical labeling. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We report here the largest cancer secretome described to date. The novel biomarkers identified in the current study are excellent candidates for further testing as early detection biomarkers for gastric adenocarcinoma.

Downregulation of cornulin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Early events in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are poorly understood and many of the key molecules involved have not yet been identified. We previously used isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics approach to identify differentially expressed proteins in ESCC tissue as compared to the adjacent normal mucosa. Cornulin was identified as one of the major downregulated molecules in ESCC. Cornulin is a member of the S100 fused-type protein family, which has an EF-hand calcium binding motif and multiple tandem repeats of specific peptide motifs. Cornulin was 5-fold downregulated in ESCC as compared to normal epithelium mirroring our previous findings in a gene expression study of ESCC. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemical validation of cornulin (CRNN) in a larger set of patients with ESCC. Downregulation of cornulin was observed in 89% (n=239) of 266 different ESCC tissues arrayed on tissue microarrays (TMAs). Expression of cornulin was observed in the prickle and functional cell layers of normal esophageal mucosa, localized predominantly in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region. The large majority of ESCC cases had little or no expression of cornulin in the carcinoma or stroma. These findings suggest that cornulin is an important molecule in normal esophageal pathology and is likely lost during the conversion of normal to neoplastic epithelium.

Quantitative proteomics for identifying biomarkers for tuberculous meningitis.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculous meningitis is a frequent extrapulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is associated with high mortality rates and severe neurological sequelae. In an earlier study employing DNA microarrays, we had identified genes that were differentially expressed at the transcript level in human brain tissue from cases of tuberculous meningitis. In the current study, we used a quantitative proteomics approach to discover protein biomarkers for tuberculous meningitis. METHODS: To compare brain tissues from confirmed cased of tuberculous meningitis with uninfected brain tissue, we carried out quantitative protein expression profiling using iTRAQ labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis of SCX fractionated peptides on Agilent's accurate mass QTOF mass spectrometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Through this approach, we identified both known and novel differentially regulated molecules. Those described previously included signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA) and protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 6 (PDIA6), which have been shown to be overexpressed at the mRNA level in tuberculous meningitis. The novel overexpressed proteins identified in our study included amphiphysin (AMPH) and neurofascin (NFASC) while ferritin light chain (FTL) was found to be downregulated in TBM. We validated amphiphysin, neurofascin and ferritin light chain using immunohistochemistry which confirmed their differential expression in tuberculous meningitis. Overall, our data provides insights into the host response in tuberculous meningitis at the molecular level in addition to providing candidate diagnostic biomarkers for tuberculous meningitis.

A proteogenomic approach to map the proteome of an unsequenced pathogen - Leishmania donovani.

Visceral leishmaniasis or kala azar is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. There is no published report on L. donovani genome sequence available till date, although the genome sequences of three related Leishmania species are already available. Thus, we took a proteogenomic approach to identify proteins from two different life stages of L. donovani. From our analysis of the promastigote (insect) and amastigote (human) stages of L. donovani, we identified a total of 22,322 unique peptides from a homology-based search against proteins from three Leishmania species. These peptides were assigned to 3711 proteins in L. infantum, 3287 proteins in L. major, and 2433 proteins in L. braziliensis. Of the 3711 L. donovani proteins that were identified, the expression of 1387 proteins was detectable in both life stages of the parasite, while 901 and 1423 proteins were identified only in promastigotes and amastigotes life stages, respectively. In addition, we also identified 13 N-terminally and one C-terminally extended proteins based on the proteomic data search against the six-frame translated genome of the three related Leishmania species. Here, we report results from proteomic profiling of L. donovani, an organism with an unsequenced genome.

Overexpression of Kinesin Associated Protein 3 (KIFAP3) in Breast Cancer.

Gene expression profiling studies on breast cancer have generated catalogs of differentially expressed genes. However, many of these genes have not been investigated for their expression at the protein level. It is possible to systematically evaluate such genes in a high-throughput fashion for their overexpression at the protein level using breast cancer tissue microarrays. Our strategy involved integration of information from publicly available repositories of gene expression to prepare a list of genes upregulated at the mRNA level in breast cancer followed by curation of the published literature to identify those genes that were not tested for overexpression at the protein level. We identified Kinesin Associated Protein 3 (KIFAP3) as one such molecule for further validation at the protein level. Immunohistochemical labeling of KIFAP3 using breast cancer tissue microarrays revealed overexpression of KIFAP3 protein in 84% (240/285) of breast cancers indicating the utility of our integrated approach of combining computational analysis with experimental biology.