Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure contributes to neurodegeneration through the microbiome-gut-brain axis: Therapeutic role of melatonin.

Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) has been shown to disturb the gut microbiome homeostasis and cause initiation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration via gut-brain bi-directional axis. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are carcinogenic and mutagenic, are important organic constituents of PM2.5 that could be involved in the microbiome-gut-brain axis-mediated neurodegeneration. Melatonin (ML) has been shown to modulate the microbiome and curb inflammation in the gut and brain. However, no studies have been reported for its effect on PM2.5-induced neuroinflammation. In the current study, it was observed that treatment with ML at 100 µM significantly inhibits microglial activation (HMC-3 cells) and colonic inflammation (CCD-841 cells) by the conditioned media from PM2.5 exposed BEAS2B cells. Further, melatonin treatment at a dose of 50 mg/kg to C57BL/6 mice exposed to PM2.5 (at a dose of 60 µg/animal) for 90 days significantly alleviated the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration caused by PAHs in PM2.5 by modulating olfactory-brain and microbiome-gut-brain axis.

Review of Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC.: Pharmacognostic, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Perspective.

Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC. is a medicinal plant abundantly found in India. Its uses are mentioned in the classical Ayurvedic literature and by many folklore claims. The plant is also of extreme economic importance. Its seeds are mainly used as an antidiabetic remedy. All pharmacological and toxicological aspects of this plant are discussed in this review.