A pregnant woman with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from Iran: a case report.

Introduction and importance: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron disease, which is extremely rare during pregnancy. The severity of the disease affects the pregnancy outcome. The present study reports the first Iranian case of a woman with ALS overlapping pregnancy. Case presentation: The 27-year-old lady in her second pregnancy was admitted to the emergency department with labor pain at the 37th gestation week. Following a multidisciplinary team meeting, including a neurologist, maternal-fetal medicine specialist, and anesthesiologist, a decision was made for an emergent cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. The delivery was successful without any maternal or fetal complications. A 5-month follow-up revealed the stable neurologic status of the mother. Clinical discussion: The combination of ALS and pregnancy is very rare because the disease is more common in elderly men. ALS management involves a multidisciplinary approach. Riluzole is a drug that can increase the survival of the patients. ALS does not affect on motor and sensory nerves of the uterus, so vaginal delivery might be possible. The main cause of cesarean section in patients with ALS is respiratory compromise, but four patients with uncomplicated vaginal deliveries have been reported. The neonatal outcome of most cases resulted in normal healthy infants. Conclusion: Management of ALS in pregnancy is challenging because of respiratory concerns, so multidisciplinary team management is important.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders registry system in Iran: Validity of data sets.

BACKGROUND: A targeted structure for recording, monitoring, and follow-up of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is in demand. To obtain the correct and uniform standardized information registry system, it is necessary to use a data set that has good validity to help policy-makers systematically plan for improvements in the quality of care. The main goal of the present study was to develop a NMOSD data set for the national registry system in Iran (NMORI) and to evaluate the validity of the presented data set. METHODS: The NMORI data set consisted of baseline characteristics, disease and exposure history, background and past medical history, diagnosis and treatment, clinical features, imaging, and para-clinical findings. The content validity was evaluated by 18 experts from Iran, Japan, and Denmark by scoring each of the questionnaire items in term of transparency, simplicity, and relevance. According to the points given, the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) scores were calculated and compared with the critical limit. RESULTS: The current study was designed as a 125-items data set which was considered valid. In terms of relevance 110 out of 125 items, simplicity 113 out of 125 items, and transparency 123 out of 125 items had Item-CVI>0.79. All Scale-level-CVI values were greater than 0.9, showing noticeable content validity. In this data set, 112 items had CVR > 0.49, which was considered an acceptable level of significance. CONCLUSION: The implementing of NMORI is important in a developing country such as Iran with significant increasing prevalence of this disease. This registry facilitates a uniform and valid diagnosis and is considered valid for clinical investigation and epidemiological research on NMOSD. Scientists and healthcare policymakers can rely on a validated data set in order to have access to accurate data.

Dalfampridine in the treatment of primary fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trail.

INTRODUCTION: Fatigue is a highly prevalent debilitating symptom among patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), which markedly affects the quality of life. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of extended-release fampridine on fatigue in PwMS. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial on 77 PwMS with a complaint of fatigue, aged over 18 years old, randomized to extended-release fampridine (n = 44) or placebo (n = 35) for 12 weeks. Fatigue and motor function were assessed at baseline and end point. RESULTS: A total of 88 patients were recruited, of whom 77 were analyzed. 80.5% were female, with a median age of 38. 87% were diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) with a median disease duration of 96 months. Fingolimod (37.7%) was considered the most frequently used DMT, followed by ani-CD20s (32.5%). The total median MFIS score was 43.5 and 37 in the fampridine and placebo groups which were not significantly different (p > 0.05). After 12 weeks, the total MFIS improved in both groups compared to the baseline, which was significant in the active group (p = 0.04). However, the final end point total MFIS was still comparable between the two groups (p = 0.11). CONCLUSION: The present study revealed a positive short-term effect of extended-release fampridine on MFIS in PwMS. However, this effect was not significantly superior to the placebo.

Focal central neurological disorder in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease without encephalopathy.

The report underscores the necessity for a comprehensive evaluation in patients with suggestive laboratory findings or AITD history. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are imperative in averting long-term complications.

Iranian specialists' approach to treatment escalation in multiple sclerosis patients with cognitive impairment.

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their physicians recognize cognitive retention as an important desired outcome of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). In this study, we attempted to gather the opinions of Iranian MS experts regarding the treatment approach toward clinical cases with different physical and cognitive conditions. Methods: Opinions of 20 MS specialists regarding the best approach to 6 case scenarios (with different clinical, cognitive, and imaging characteristics) were gathered via a form. Results: The estimated kappa of 0.16 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.159-0.163; P < 0.001] suggested a poor degree of agreement on the treatment choice among the professionals. Conclusion: Although most specialists agreed with treatment escalation in cases with cognitive impairment, there was no general agreement. Furthermore, there was not enough clinical evidence in the literature to develop consensus guidelines on the matter.

Iranian specialists' approach to surgery in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Background: Data on perioperative risk stratification in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are limited. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate Iranian specialists' approach to surgical counseling for patients with MS (PwMS). Methods: 21 MS specialists were asked about 11 case scenarios with different MS disease statuses, disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), and urgency of the operation. The reasons for refusing surgery or factors that have to be considered before surgery were studied. Results: Overall, Fleiss Kappa was estimated to be 0.091 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.090-0.093, P < 0.001] indicating a very poor level of agreement among responders. Conclusion: PwMS face surgery for various reasons. Risk assessment of surgery, the effect of various drugs such as anesthetics and DMT on patients, as well as many other aspects of MS are issues challenging the practitioners. Clarifying the various dimensions of these issues requires further research.

Investigation of the safety of live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccination in patients with relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: A case series and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: It is generally recommended to avoid live attenuated vaccines in patients treated with high efficacy disease-modifying treatment (DMT). However, a delay in starting DMT in highly active or aggressive multiple sclerosis (MS) might lead to a significant disability. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to report a case series of 16 highly active RRMS patients who received the live-attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine during treatment with natalizumab. METHODS: This retrospective case series was conducted between September 2015 and February 2022 at the MS Research Center of Sina and Qaem hospital, Tehran, Mashhad, Iran, to identify the outcome of highly active MS patients who received the live-attenuated VZV vaccine on natalizumab. RESULTS: Two males and 14 females were included in this study, with a mean age of 25.5 ± 8.4-year-old. 10 patients were naïve cases of highly active MS, and six were escalated to natalizumab. The patients received two doses of live attenuated VZV vaccine after a mean of 6.72 cycles of natalizumab treatment. Except for the one who experienced mild chickenpox infection, no serious adverse event or disease activity was evident after vaccination. CONCLUSION: While our data do not confirm the safety of the live attenuated VZV vaccine in natalizumab recipients, it highlights the importance of case-by-case decision-making in MS management based on the risk-benefit assessment.

Soft Palate Malignant Melanoma as an Adverse Effect of Fingolimod in Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Fingolimod has been approved as a disease-modifying drug in multiple sclerosis since 2010. There are a few reports of melanoma as a side effect of Fingolimod in the literature. Herein we aim to report a known case of multiple sclerosis under Fingolimod presenting with persistent nasal congestion who was eventually diagnosed with soft palate malignant melanoma.

Effectiveness and safety of switching from fingolimod and natalizumab to rituximab in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION: Natalizumab and fingolimod are well-established, sequestrating disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), widely used as a second-line treatment in patients with relapse remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). However, there is no standard strategy for managing treatment failure on these agents. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of rituximab after natalizumab and fingolimod withdrawal. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was accomplished on RRMS patients treated with natalizumab and fingolimod who were switched to rituximab. RESULTS: 100 patients (50 cases in each group) were analyzed. After six months of follow-up, a substantial decline in clinical relapse and disability progression was observed in both groups. However, no significant change was demonstrated in the pattern of MRI activity (P = 1.000) in natalizumab pretreated patients. After adjusting for the baseline characteristics, a head-to-head comparison found a non-significant trend of lower EDSS in the pretreated fingolimod group compared to those previously treated with natalizumab(P = 0.057). However, in terms of clinical relapse and MRI activity, the clinical outcomes were comparable in both groups ((P = 0.194), (P = 0.957). Moreover, rituximab was well-tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed the effectiveness of rituximab as an appropriate alternative option for escalation therapy after fingolimod and natalizumab discontinuation.

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) Complications in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS): A Report From a Tertiary Center.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a conventional second-line treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or clinically isolated syndrome with steroid-refractory relapses. METHODS: MS and clinically isolated syndrome patients with a steroid-refractory relapse, who fulfilled the indications for TPE were enrolled in this study. An expert nurse recorded the data comprising age, sex, type of MS, disease modifying therapy, disease duration, relapse rate, vital signs at the beginning, during and at the end of each plasma exchange session, plasma exchange volume, normal saline volume, and TPE complications. Ultimately, the statistical association was estimated amongst the variables. RESULTS: A total of 122 cases were assessed. Twelve cases (9.8%) received plasmapheresis for the second time. The mean age was 32.2±8.7 years and 107 (87.7%) were female. In total, 609 plasma exchange sessions were completed. Hypotension and skin reaction were the most clinical complications. Hemoglobin loss and hypokalemia were the most laboratory complications. Fifty-four cases (44.3%) had no complications, 40 (32.8%) had 1 complication, 21 (17.2%) 2 complications, 6 (4.9%) had 3 complications, and 1 (0.8%) disclosed 4 complications. The relapse rate in the past 12 months and the mean plasma volume exchange were significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We revealed that TPE could be considered as a safe second-line therapy in MS relapses. Hypotension, skin reaction, hemoglobin loss, and hypokalemia were the most complications of TPE in our patients.

Characteristics and management of multiple sclerosis patients during the Omicron era: is there a concern about the MS course in the face of the new variant of COVID-19?

INTRODUCTION: The Omicron variant of COVID-19 is highly transmissible, triggering unprecedented infection rates. The present study aimed to investigate the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the Omicron era among Iranian patients with MS. METHODS: This observational study was designed on MS patients of the national MS registry of Iran through a self-designed online questionnaire. A questionnaire was prepared as a Google Form for MS patients during the Omicron outbreak from 1 March to 30 April 2022. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-four patients with a mean age of 37.3 ± 9.04 were enrolled. Of the patients, 95.97% used DMT, the most common of which were rituximab and fingolimod. Of the patients, 77.58% were fully vaccinated for COVID-19. Regardless of the COVID-19 vaccination status, 76 patients developed COVID-19, which was mild to moderate. Except for recent corticosteroid therapy and secondary progressive MS (SPMS), other demographic and MS characteristics were not significantly associated with the severity of COVID-19. There was also a marginal association between the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the severity of COVID-19. In addition, 17.10% of patients reported MS relapse following COVID-19 leading to escalation therapy in eight patients. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that in the Omicron era, most patients developed mild COVID-19. Although the predominant COVID-19 variant in this period was Omicron, we could not separate the pathogenic variants. The risk factors for COVID-19 during the Omicron era were not different from other pandemic waves. Our preliminary results revealed that the MS relapse following COVID-19 was higher than in previous waves.

Safety and efficacy of endovascular thrombolysis in patients with acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon but fatal cause of stroke worldwide. Endovascular treatments could be life-saving in patients who don't treat with anticoagulants as a mainstay of treatment. Currently, there is no consensus considering the safety, efficacy, and also selected approaches of endovascular intervention for these patients. This systematic review evaluates the literature on endovascular thrombolysis (EVT) in CVST patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted through PubMed and Scopus databases between 2010 and 2021, with additional sources identified through cross-referencing. The primary outcomes were the safety and efficacy of EVT in CVST, including catheter-related and non-catheter-related complications, clinical outcomes, and radiological outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies comprising 339 patients were included. Most of the patients presented with headaches (86.72%) and/or focal neurologic deficits (45.43%) (modified Rankin Scale of 5 in 55.88%). Acquired coagulopathy and/or consuming estrogen/progesterone medication were the most frequent predisposing factors (45.59%). At presentation, 68.84% had multi-sinus involvement, and 28.90% had venous infarcts and/or intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The overall complication rate was 10.3%, with a 2.94%, 1.47%, and 1.17% rate of ICH, herniation, and intracranial edema, respectively. The complete and partial postoperative radiographic resolution was reported in 89.97% of patients, increasing to 95.21% during the follow-up. Additionally, 72.22% of patients had no or mild neurologic deficit at discharge, rising to 91.18% at the last follow-up. The overall mortality rate was 7.07%. CONCLUSIONS: EVT can be an effective and safe treatment option for patients with refractory CVST or contraindications to systemic anticoagulation.

Watch out for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder onset or clinical relapse after COVID-19 vaccination: What neurologists need to know?

INTRODUCTION: The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted our lives. We conducted this systematic review to investigate the safety of the COVID-19 vaccines in NMOSD patients. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from the beginning of the COVID-19 vaccination to March 1, 2022. Except for the letters, posters, and reviews, we included all related articles to answer two main questions. Our first question examined the occurrence of NMOSD onset as an adverse effect of the COVID-19 vaccine. Our second question investigated the safety of the COVID-19 vaccines in NMOSD patients. RESULTS: Out of 262 records, nine studies, including five studies for the first question and four studies for the second question, met the inclusion criteria. Out of the six patients with NMOSD onset after COVID-19 vaccination, five (83.3%) were female. The median time to NMOSD onset was 6.5 days, and the frequency of the COVID-19 vaccine type was identical in all patients. The most common presentation was longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, significantly improved by pulse methylprednisolone with or without plasma exchange. The maintenance therapy was described only in three patients: rituximab (n=2) and azathioprine (n=1). Regarding the second question, out of 67 patients, 77.61% were female, with a mean age of 54.75 years old, a mean EDSS of 2.83, and a mean disease duration of 9.5 years. 77% reported at least one preexisting comorbidity. 88.05% were under treatment, most of which were rituximab and azathioprine. 98.50% received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. mRNA vaccines were the most commonly used vaccine(86.56%), which were well tolerated. No significant adverse event was reported, and local pain was the most frequently reported. 4.67% of the patients experienced a clinical relapse after a mean interval of 49.75 days, which was mainly mild to moderate in severity. Unfortunately, the data on the COVID-19 vaccines were missing. CONCLUSION: The analysis suggests the safety profile of the COVID-19 vaccines. All NMOSD patients are strongly recommended to vaccinate for COVID-19. To maximize the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines, further studies are needed to draw the best practice for vaccination.

Evaluation of domperidone efficacy to prevent aspiration pneumonia in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Aspiration pneumonia is an essential complication of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), which is responsible for increased three-fold mortality within a month. There is an interest towards the effect of prokinetics on prevention of stroke-associated pneumonia. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of domperidone to prevent pneumonia in patients with AIS. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 150 patients with AIS were assigned to receive either domperidone 10 mg daily or placebo during hospitalization. The clinical outcomes including of aspiration pneumonia occurrence, gastrointestinal discomfort, the need for intensive care unit admission, the length of hospitalization, final mRs, and mortality were then evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: 150 [Mean age 67.5 ± 13.5 years, 90 men and 60 women] were randomized in a 1:1 ratio. Both groups were similar in terms of baseline characteristics. The domperidone group experienced significantly less dysphagia, nausea and vomiting, and aspiration pneumonia (P < 0.005). Although domperidone did not considerably reduce the mortality (P = 0.978), it resulted in lower mean mRS and shorter length of hospitalization (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Domperidone is an effective and well tolerated agent which could be considered as a promising agent to prevent stroke-associated pneumonia leading to a better clinical recovery.

A one year follow of patients with multiple sclerosis during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Qom province, Iran.

BACKGROUND: In the current COVID-19 pandemic, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients represent a population of particular interest as they might be at higher risk of COVID-19 infection and it's complications. The present study aimed to investigate a one year follow up of patients with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic, in Qom province, Iran. METHODS: This study was performed at the MS Clinic of Beheshti Hospital from June 1, 2020 to November 1, 2021. 202 patients with a diagnosis of MS and negative self-reported history of COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic, were enrolled. First, the demographic characteristics of patients were collected. Second, the patients underwent serological testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Then, a year later, they were revalauted and asked about the occurrence of clinical relapse leading to hospitalization, disease progression, DMT profile, COVID-19 vaccination, and history of COVID-19 infection. We considered six weeks after COVID-19 regarding relapse occurrence. Eventually, statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS 26.0 RESULTS: Of 202 patients, 26 patients (12.87%) had initially a positive index antibody result. During the follow-up periods, 25 patients (12.37%) were infected with COVID-19 which was mainly mild (74.8%), and significantly lower than general population. 118 patients (58.41%) were vaccinated for COVID-19 which reduced the risk of COVID-19 development (P<001). Except a case of myelitis associated with vaccination, no serious adverse event was reported. Additionally, only one patient developed MS relapse following COVID-19 infection. Except clinical relapse (P = 0.001), other demographic and MS characteristics, and DMT type were not associated with COVID-19. In terms of MS course, 12 patients (5.94%) discontinued their DMTs regardless of the DMT adverse events or treatment failure. 41 patients (20.3%) experienced a clinical relapse, of whom 12 were escalated to a second line DMT. Further, 27 patients (13.4%) noted a history of worsening disability which mainly occurred after COIVD-19 infection. CONCLUSION: The present study showed a significant lower incidence of COVID-19 infection in MS patients. Except for clinical relapse, other demographic and MS characteristics, and DMT type were not associated with COVID-19 infection. In addition, COVID-19 vaccination reduced the risk of COVID-19 development, and the prognosis was favorable in the majority of MS patients.

Recurrence of COVID-19 in a Patient With NMO Spectrum Disorder While Treating With Rituximab: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

INTRODUCTION: In the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are vulnerable to develop COVID-19 due to the immunosuppressive therapy. The objective of this study is to describe a known case of NMOSD on rituximab who experienced 2 episodes of COVID-19. CASE REPORT: A 25-year-old woman, a known case of NMOSD on rituximab was diagnosed with asymptomatic COVID-19. Eight months later, following her last infusion of rituximab, she developed moderate COVID-19. After a partial recovery, she exhibited exacerbation of respiratory symptoms leading to readmission and invasive oxygenation. She was eventually discharged home after 31 days. Her monthly neurological evaluation did not reveal evidence of disease activity. She later received intravenous immunoglobulin and the decision was made to start rituximab again. CONCLUSIONS: Our case raises the possibility of persistent virus shedding and reactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in a patient with NMOSD and rituximab therapy. We aimed to emphasize a precise consideration of management of patients with NMOSD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Association of COVID-19 Infection and Juvenile Stroke: a Case Series.

Ischemic stroke has been increasingly reported as a consequence of COVID-19 infection. However, the underlying etiology is not well determined. The objective of this study is to discuss association of juvenile stroke with COVID-19 infection. We analyzed 5 COVID-19 positive and stroke patients with a mean age of 41.2 years-old. Three patients developed large vessel occlusion, one small vessel occlusion and one PRES with superimposed lobar ICH, respectively. The mean initial NIHSS of our patients was 11.6. Except the one with massive cerebellar infarct, a desirable outcome occurred with a mean mRS 2.6 at discharge. The mean ESR and CRP level was elevated to 30.4 ml and 32 mg/dl. The severity of COVID-19 infection was considered mainly as mild. COVID-19 infection has the potential to induce hypercoagulability state contributing to stroke development even in the mild form of disease. Keywords: Cerebrovascular Accident, CVA, Stroke, COVID-19, Novel Coronavirus Acta.

COVID-19 Respiratory Illness and Subsequent Cerebrovascular Events, the Initial Iranian Experience.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 disproportionately affects older adults and individuals with cardiovascular co-morbidities. This report presents fifteen patients who had COVID-19 respiratory illness followed by cerebrovascular events. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A call by the Iranian Neurological Association gathered cases across the country who developed neurological symptoms attributed to hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke after a definite or probable Covid-19 respiratory illness. Definite cases were those with a typical respiratory illness, positive nasopharyngeal Covid-19 PCR test, and chest CT consistent with Covid-19 infection. Probable cases were defined by a typical respiratory illness, history of contacts with a Covid-19 case, and chest CT characteristic for Covid-19 infection. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (12 men and 3 women) with an age range of 38 to 93 years old (median: 65 years old) were included. Fourteen patients had a first-ever acute ischemic stroke and one patient had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Eleven patients (73%) had previous cardiovascular comorbidities. The median time between respiratory symptoms and neurological symptoms was seven days (range 1-16 days). Stroke severity in two patients was mild (NIHSS ≤ 6), in six patients moderate (NIHSS: 7-12), and in seven patients severe (NIHSS ≥13). One patient received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator ( IV-tPA) with improved neurological symptoms. Six out of 15 patients (40%) died. All but one of those who survived had significant disability assessed by a modified ranking scale >2. The majority of patients in this case series had vascular risk factors and their stroke was associated with severe disability and death. CONCLUSION: This report highlights the need for further investigation of the links between Covid-19 and cerebrovascular events.

The correlation of serum adiponectin and insulin resistance with the presence and severity of dementia in non-obese Alzheimer's patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alteration in the insulin signaling could contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through metabolic or inflammatory processes, adipokines could affect insulin dysregulation. This study aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between serum adiponectin level alteration and insulin resistance with the presence and severity of AD, compared to normal controls. METHODS: This analytical observational study was conducted on 60 non-overweight and non-diabetic participants who were assigned to AD patients (n = 34) and healthy volunteers (n = 26). The diagnosis and severity of dementia were evaluated by the same protocol, and the Mini-Mental Score Exam (MMSE) questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. Moreover, adiponectin concentration, fasting blood sugar, and plasma insulin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was utilized in this study. RESULTS: The mean ages of the AD patients and control participants were 71.35 and 70.46, respectively. In addition, the mean values of the serum adiponectin level of the participants were 9660 and 12,730 ng/mL in control and AD groups, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, the insulin resistance (IR) was 2.90 and 5.10 in the control and AD groups, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). According to the results, there was a significant positive correlation between serum adiponectin level and HOMA-IR in the AD group; however, no significant correlation was observed between serum adiponectin level and MMSE score in this group. The MMSE score of AD patients significantly decreased by 1.2 times with an increase in each score of the IR (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: A significant direct positive correlation was observed between the serum adiponectin level and IR among the AD patients. However, a significant decrease in cognition levels was detected following an increase in IR scores of the AD patients.