Effects of Different Recovery Modalities on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, Recovery Perceptions, and Performance Following a Bout of High-Intensity Functional Training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the foam rolling technique and static stretching on perceptual and neuromuscular parameters following a bout of high-intensity functional training (HIFT), which consisted of 100 pull-ups, 100 push-ups, 100 sit-ups, and 100 air squats (Angie benchmark) in recreationally trained men (n = 39). Following baseline measurements (Feeling Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, Total Quality Recovery, Sit-and-Reach, Countermovement Jump, and Change-of-Direction t-test), the volunteers performed a single bout of HIFT. At the end of the session, participants were randomly assigned to one of three distinct groups: control (CONT), foam rolling (FR), or static stretching (SS). At the 24 h time-point, a second experimental session was conducted to obtain the post-test values. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Regarding power performance, none of the three groups reached pretest levels at 24 h point of the intervention. However, the CONT group still showed a greater magnitude of effect at the 24 h time-point (ES = 0.51, p ≥ 0.05). Flexibility presented the same recovery pattern as power performance (post × 24 h CONT = ES = 0.28, FR = ES = 0.21, SS = ES = 0.19). At 24 h, all groups presented an impaired performance in the COD t-test (CONT = ES = 0.24, FR = ES = 0.65, SS = ES = 0.56 p ≥ 0.05). The FR protocol resulted in superior recovery perceptions (pre × 24 h TQR = ES = 0.32 p ≥ 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that the use of FR and SS exercises may not be indicated when aiming to restore neuromuscular performance following a single bout of HIFT. The use of the FR technique during the cooldown phase of a HIFT session may be helpful in improving an individual's perception of recovery.

Effects of Differing Foam Rolling Periods on Training Volume and Myoelectric Responses of Lower-Body Muscles.

ABSTRACT: Santana, HG, Paz, GA, Willardson, JM, de Araújo Farias, D, and Miranda, H. Effects of differing foam rolling periods on training volume and myoelectric responses of lower-body muscles. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3311-3318, 2022-Foam rolling (FR) is a practice that has increased in popularity before and after resistance training. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of different foam rolling periods for the lower body muscles on subsequent performance, myoelectric activity and rating of perceived exertion in trained men. Fourteen men (26.2 ± 3.2 years, 178 ± 0.04 cm, 82.2 ± 10 kg and body mass index 25.9 ± 3.3kg/m -2 ) volunteered for this study. Four repetition maximum (4-RM) loads were determined for hexagonal bar deadlift and 45°-angled leg press during test and retest sessions over two nonconsecutive days. The experimental conditions included a traditional protocol (TP) with no prior foam rolling, and four other conditions that involved FR applied to the quadriceps, hamstrings and triceps surae for one set of 30 sec (P1), two sets of 30 sec (P2), three sets of 30 sec (P3), or four sets of 30 sec (P4).The resistance training consisted of five sets with 4-RM loads. The number of repetitions completed, the myoelectric activity of lower limbs were recorded, as well as the rating of perceived exertion for each protocol. There were no differences between the protocols in the total repetitions for the hexagonal bar deadlift and 45° angled leg press exercises. Similar results between protocols were also noted for muscle activity and rated perceived exertion (RPE). Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that the FR didn't provide effects on performance, myoelectric activity and rating of perceived exertion responses during high intensity resistance performance for lower limb exercises.

Myoelectric activity of the gastrocnemius during plantar flexion in a standing versus seated position and with a neutral or dorsiflexed ankle: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the medial (GM) and lateral (GL) heads of the gastrocnemius muscle during plantar flexion performed in standing or seated positions, and with a neutral or dorsiflexed ankle. INTRODUCTION: The tríceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) is an essential muscle group that promotes propulsion during walking, running and tasks of daily living. METHODS: Ten male volunteers (24.5 ± 3.6 years, weight: 75.8 ± 10 kg; height: 1.74 ± 0.07 m) performed ten repetitions of plantar flexion under four different conditions: a) standing position (SP); b) standing position with passive stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle (SPS); c) seated with the knee flexed (KF); d) seated with the knee flexed and a passive stretch of the gastrocnemius (KFS). RESULTS: The muscle activity expressed as the root mean square (RMS) was significantly higher for the GL in the SPS versus the SP condition, while there was no difference for the GM between conditions. However, for the KF condition, GM activity was significantly higher versus the KFS condition, which was not verified for the GL. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the standing position with passive stretching of the triceps surae may be more efficient in increasing the myoelectric activity of the GL. However, the sitting position without passive stretching promoted greater GM muscle recruitment. The length/tension relationship of gastrocnemius could be used as a prescription variable during rehabilitation or conditioning programs.

A autoliberação miofascial sobre o desempenho de potência muscular em atletas de futebol sub-13 / The myofascial self-liberation on muscular power performance in sub-13 soccer athletes

Este estudo investiga o efeito da autoliberação miofascial sobre o desempenho de potência muscular no salto vertical, salto horizontal e agilidade uniplanar em atletas de futebol sub-13, cuja amostra foi composta por 22 adolescentes do sexo masculino, praticantes de uma escolinha de futebol da cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG. Ao todo, realizaram-se três dias de testes de cada variável, assim como o protocolo de autoliberação, com intervalo de 48 horas entre as sessões. Para o protocolo controle, os participantes foram orientados a realizar três tentativas de salto horizontal, vertical e agilidade uniplanar, com intervalo de dois minutos para cada tentativa e uma pausa de cinco minutos entre os testes. Os mesmos procedimentos foram repetidos para a realização do protocolo experimental de autoliberação, porém executou-se, nos pré-testes de membros inferiores, um minuto de autoliberação miofascial, com ordem aleatória dos grupos musculares (quadríceps, isquiostibiais e gastrocnêmio), com o total de seis minutos de autoliberação, validando-se os melhores resultados de cada teste dos protocolos controle e experimental, em que utilizou-se o Foam Rolling. Observou-se uma média de 2,8 (±0,8) para os estágios de desenvolvimento dos participantes, considerando a Escala de Tanner. Quanto ao protocolo de autoliberação, o desempenho no salto vertical foi significativamente superior após a utilização do Foam Rolling, comparado ao controle. Não houve diferença significativa no desempenho de salto horizontal e agilidade uniplanar ao comparar o protocolo controle com o experimental, todavia, efeitos adversos não foram observados na utilização deste método.(AU)

This study investigates the effect of myofascial self-liberation on the performance of muscle power in the variables of vertical jump, horizontal jump and uniplanar agility in under-13 soccer athletes, whose sample was composed of 22 male adolescents, practitioners of a soccer school from the city of Juiz de Fora, MG. In all, three days of tests were performed for each variable, as well as the self-release protocol, with an interval of 48 hours between sessions. For the control protocol, participants were instructed to make three attempts to jump horizontally, vertically and uniplanar agility, with an interval of two minutes for each attempt and a five-minute pause between tests. The same procedures were repeated for the experimental self-liberation protocol, however, in the lower limb pre-tests, a minute of myofascial self-liberation was performed, with a random order of the muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstrings and gastrocnemius), with the total of six minutes of self-liberation, validating the best results of each test of the control and experimental protocols, in which Foam Rolling was used. An average of 2.8 (± 0.8) was observed for the participants' developmental stages, considering the Tanner Scale. As for the selfliberation protocol, the performance in the vertical jump was significantly higher after using Foam Rolling, compared to the control. There was no significant difference in the performance of horizontal jump and uniplanar agility when comparing the control protocol with the experimental one, however, adverse effects were not observed in the use of this method.(AU)

Effect of pre-fatiguing the triceps brachii on subsequent strength performance and myoelectric activity in the barbell, dumbbell and Smith machine bench press / Efecto de la prefatiga del tríceps braquial en el desempeño subsiguiente de la fuerza y actividad mioeléctrica en el supino recto en la barra, mancuernas y Smith Machine / Efeito da pré-fadiga do tríceps braquial no desempenho subsequente da força e atividade mioelétrica no supino reto na barra, halteres e Smith Machine

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pre-fatiguing the triceps brachii on subsequent strength performance and myoelectric activity in the barbell, dumbbell, and Smith machine bench press. METHOD: Nineteen trained men participated of this study (27.9 ± 4.5 years; 1.72 ± 0.1 m; 80.3 ± 9.2 kg). Ten-repetition maximum loads were determined for the triceps extension as well as the barbell barbell, dumbbell and Smith machine bench press. Three experimental protocols were performed in a randomized design. All experimental protocols began with four sets of the triceps extension (performed with a high pulley) to repetition failure followed by four sets to repetition failure for one of three bench press modalities. Two minute-rest intervals were adopted between sets and exercises. Total repetitions (work), training volume and myoelectric activity of pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii were recorded during each bench press modality. RESULTS: Significantly greater activity of the biceps brachii was observed during performance of the dumbbell bench press versus barbell and Smith machine bench press. No other significant differences were observed between protocols. CONCLUSION: Therefore, considering the training volume and myoelectric activity of the synergistic muscles, similar performance across bench press modalities can be expected when preceded by performance of a triceps extension

OBJETIVO: Examinar el efecto de la prefatiga del tríceps braquial en el desempeño subsiguiente de la fuerza y actividad mioeléctrica en el supino recto utilizando barra (SRB), mancuernas (SRM) y Smith machine (SMSR). MÉTODO: En el estudio participaron 19 hombres entrenados (27.9 ± 4.5 años, 1.72 ± 0.1 m, 80.3 ± 9.2 kg). Se realizó una prueba de diez repeticiones máximas para la extensión del tríceps, así como para el supino resto utilizando barra, mancuernas y Smith Machine. Se realizaron tres protocolos experimentales en orden aleatorizado. Los protocolos consistieron de cuatro series de repeticiones de extensión del tríceps (realizado con polea alta) hasta la fatiga, seguida de cuatro series de repeticiones hasta la fatiga de una de las tres modalidades de supino. Dos intervalos de descanso de un minuto se realizaron entre series y ejercicios. Las repeticiones totales (trabajo), volumen de entrenamiento y actividad mioeléctrica de pectoral mayor, deltoides anteriores, bíceps braquial y tríceps braquial fueron registradas durante cada modalidad de supino. RESULTADOS: Se observó una actividad significativamente mayor del bíceps braquial durante la realización del supino recto con mancuerna versus barra y Smith Machine. No se observó ninguna diferencia significativa entre los protocolos. CONCLUSIONES: Por lo tanto, considerando el volumen de entrenamiento y la actividad mioeléctrica de los músculos sinérgicos, se puede esperar un rendimiento similar en las diversas modalidades de supino, cuando es precedido por la realización de una extensión de tríceps

OBJETIVO: examinar o efeito da pré-fatiga do tríceps braquial no desempenho subsequente da força e atividade mioelétrica no supino reto utilizando barra, halter e Smith machine. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 19 homens treinados (27.9 ± 4.5 anos; 1.72 ± 0.1 m; 80.3 ± 9.2 kg). Foi realizado um teste de dez repetições máximas para a extensão do tríceps, assim como para o SRB, SRH e SMSR. Três protocolos experimentais foram realizados em ordem randomizada. Os protocolos consistiram de quatro séries de repetições do a extensão do tríceps (realizado com polia alta) até a falha seguida de quatro séries de repetições até a falha de uma das três modalidades de supino. Dois intervalos de descanso de um minuto foram adotados entre séries e exercícios. As repetições totais (trabalho), volume de treinamento e atividade mioelétrica de peitoral maior, deltóide anterior, bíceps braquial e tríceps braquial foram registradas durante cada modalidade de supino. RESULTADOS: Observou-se uma atividade significativamente maior do bíceps braquial durante a realização do supino reto halter versus barra e Smith Machine. Nenhuma outra diferença significativa foi observada entre os protocolos. CONCLUSÕES: Portanto, considerando o volume de treinamento e a atividade mioelétrica dos músculos sinérgicos, pode-se esperar um desempenho semelhante em modalidades de supino quando precedido pela realização de uma extensão de tríceps

Maximal strength performance, efficiency, and myoelectric responses with differing intra-set rest intervals during paired set training.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different rest intervals within paired sets (PS) on total work and training volume, efficiency (training volume load/session duration time), and myoelectric activity. METHOD: Fifteen trained men participated in this study. Four experimental protocols were applied: P30 (30 s rest), P60 (60 s rest), P90 (90 s rest), and P120 (120 s rest). The PS bout consisted of a bench press (BP)/lat pull down (LPD), 30° incline bench press (BP30)/wide-grip seated row (SR), and triceps extension (TE)/biceps curl (BC) exercises. Surface electromyography (sEMG) activity of the biceps and triceps brachii were recorded. RESULTS: Volume load (repetitions x number of exercise sets x loads) was significantly lower for the P30 (5385.8 ±â€¯1224 kg) versus the P60 (6755.6 ±â€¯1398.5 kg), P90 (7358.3 ±â€¯1490.3 kg), and P120 (7463 ±â€¯1310 kg) protocols. No significant differences in sEMG activity was noted between protocols. The efficiency (kg·min-1) of P30 (633.6 ±â€¯144) was significantly higher versus P60 (397.4 ±â€¯82.2), P90 (288.5 ±â€¯58.4), and P120 (219.5 ±â€¯38.5). CONCLUSION: Short intra-set rest intervals (60 s) within PS may be a potential alternative for increasing the volume load, since longer intra-rest (90 s and 120 s) intervals do not provide additional benefits.

Myoelectric Responses of Lower-Body Muscles Performing Squat and Lunge Exercise Variations Adopting Visual Feedback With a Laser Sensor.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-over study. CONTEXT: The squat, single-leg squat, forward lunge, and reverse lunge are fundamental movements often performed in activities of daily living, sports competitions, and sport-specific training. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual feedback with a laser sensor (VFLS) versus a control condition on the myoelectric activity (surface electromyography [sEMG]) of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus lateralis, gluteus medius (Gmed), and erector spinae muscles during the performance of several squat variations with bodyweight. METHODS: Nineteen female college students (20 [2.5] y, 165.3 [10.2] cm, 66.4 [4.1] kg, 2 [1.2] y of resistance training experience) with a background in strength or sports training volunteered to participate in this study. Over 4 separate visits, subjects performed 2 sets of 10 repetitions of a squat variation exercise in random order (ie, squat, single-leg squat, forward lunge, and reverse lunge). The first set of a given squat variation condition was considered a control set, and then after 3-minute rest, a second set was performed with VFLS. RESULTS: Significant decreases in VMO and Gmed myoelectric activity were observed during the VFLS set versus the control set for the forward lunge exercise (P = .03). No differences were observed between the control set and VFLS set in the sEMG normalized signal for all muscles analyzed for the squat and single-leg squat, respectively. However, the sample entropy of the sEMG signal for the erector spinae became more irregular during the VFLS set versus the control set for the squat exercise (P = .01), whereas the Gmed presented a more irregular sEMG signal during the VFLS set versus the control set for the single-leg squat (P = .08). CONCLUSION: Laser sensor biofeedback may induce significant decreases in VMO and Gmed activation performing forward lunge exercise. Therefore, laser sensor biofeedback may induce a reduction in muscle activity of neutralizers muscles during a few squat bodyweight variations (bilateral, single-leg, forward, and reverse lunge).

Acute effect of intra-set static stretching on antagonists versus passive interval on the performance of maximum repetitions of agonists in leg extension machine / Efeito agudo do alongamento estático intra-séries nos antagonistas versus intervalo passivo sobre o desempenho de repetições máximas dos agonistas na cadeira extensora

Abstract Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that generates changes in the biomechanics of the rib cage. Digital photogrammetry enables the recording of subtle changes and the interrelationship between parts of the human body that are difficult to measure by other means. The aim of this study was to create angles and thoracic distances and to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of these measurements using the Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO) in patients with AIS. This cross-sectional study evaluated 30 individuals aged between 11 and 18 years with AIS. We used SAPO with the thoracic markers in the form of angles (A) and distances (D) with involves structures like acromion, manubrium, xiphoid process, lower angle of the scapula, last false rib, anterior iliac spine process. Two experienced observers (A and B) analyzed the photos and all followed the same routine of analysis. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility was assessed by the Bland-Altman plot and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), while intraobserver and interobserver reliability was assessed by the T-Test and Wilcoxon's Test. A high repeatability index was obtained among the evaluations, with twelve of the sixteen variables considered as reliable in all statistical tests. The interobserver analyzes presented excellent correlation coefficients (ICC), showing good reliability for six of the sixteen variables proposed. The SAPO method presented good reproducibility and reliability for most of the thoracic markers created, showing that photogrammetry may be a complementary tool in the evaluation of thoracic alterations in patients with AIS.

Resumo A escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) é uma deformidade tridimensional da coluna que gera alterações na biomecânica da caixa torácica. A fotogrametria digital permite o registro de mudanças sutis e a inter-relação entre partes do corpo humano que são difíceis de medir por outros meios. Objetivou-se criar ângulos e distâncias torácicas e avaliar a confiabilidade interobservador e intraobservador dessas medidas utilizando o Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO) em pacientes com EIA. Este estudo transversal avaliou 30 indivíduos com idades entre 11 e 18 anos com EIA. Utilizamos o SAPO com os marcadores torácicos na forma de ângulos (A) e distâncias (D), envolvendo estruturas como: acrômio, manúbrio, processo xifóide, ângulo inferior da escápula, última costela falsa, processo da espinha ilíaca anterior. Dois observadores experientes (A e B) analisaram as fotos e todos seguiram a mesma rotina de análise. A reprodutibilidade intraobservador e interobservador foi avaliada pelo gráfico de Bland-Altman e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI), enquanto a confiabilidade intraobservador e interobservador foi avaliada pelo Teste T e Teste de Wilcoxon. Um alto índice de repetibilidade foi obtido entre as avaliações, com doze das dezesseis variáveis ​​consideradas confiáveis ​​em todos os testes estatísticos. As análises interobservadores apresentaram excelentes coeficientes de correlação (ICC), mostrando boa confiabilidade para seis das dezesseis variáveis ​​propostas. O método SAPO apresentou boa reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade para a maioria dos marcadores torácicos criados, mostrando que a fotogrametria pode ser uma ferramenta complementar na avaliação de alterações torácicas em pacientes com EIA.

Efeito de diferentes intensidades sobre a atividade mioelétrica do vasto lateral, tempo sob tensão, e deslocamento angular durante séries múltiplas na cadeira extensora / Effect of different intensities on the mioelectric activity of vastus lateralis, time under tension, and angular displacement during multiple sets on leg extension exercise

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito das diferentes intensidades sobre a atividade mioelétrica do vasto lateral, deslocamento angular e tempo sob tensão do membro preferido durante séries múltiplas na cadeira extensora. Participaram do estudo 9 mulheres de 24±3,4 anos, 62,4±11,7 kg,1,64±0,05 m praticantes de musculação (mínimo de 6 meses). Durante três dias não consecutivos as voluntárias foram avaliadas no exercício de extensão de joelho na máquina apenas com o membro preferido. No primeiro dia foram realizados o teste e reteste de 10 repetições máximas (RM). No segundo e terceiro dias foram realizadas sessões de quatros séries com intensidade de 80% ou 90% de 10RM de forma aleatória, com intervalo de um minuto entre as séries. A atividade mioelétrica do vasto lateral (VL) foi monitorada. O tempo sob tensão e deslocamento angular também foram registrados. Considerando o deslocamento angular, houve diferença significativa no P80 comparado ao P90 nas séries 2 (p = 0,049), 3 (p = 0,046) e 4 (p = 0,023), respectivamente. Adicionalmente, verificou-se uma atividade mioelétrica normalizada superior na série 3 no P80 comparada ao P90 (p = 0,004). Não houve diferença significativa entre os protocolos para o tempo sob tensão e desempenho de repetições (p > 0,05). Portanto, o aumento no sinal mioelétrico observado entre intensidades relativas a 10RM (80 vs 90%) parece não apresentar uma associação com desempenho de repetições múltiplas máximas, sugerindo que ambas as intensidades relativas podem ser aplicadas como variações em programas de treinamento ou reabilitação de lesões sem prejuízos no volume de treino no exercício cadeira extensora unilateral para o membro preferido...U)

The purpose of the present study was to verify the effect of the different training intensities on the myoelectric activity of the vastus lateralis, angular displacement and time under tension of the preferred member during multiple sets in unilateral leg extension exercise. A total of 9 women aged 24 ± 3.4 years, 62.4 ± 11.7 kg, 1.64 ± 0.05 m bodybuilders (minimum 6 months) participated in the study. For three nonconsecutive days the volunteers were evaluated in leg extension exercise. On the first day, the test and retest of 10 repetition maximum loads (RM) were performed. On the second and third days, four sets were performed with an intensity of 80% or 90% of 10RM in a randomized order, with a one-minute rest interval between the sets. The myoelectric activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) was monitored. The time under tension and angular displacement were also recorded. Considering the angular displacement, there was a significant difference in P80 compared to P90 in set 2 (p = 0.049), 3 (p = 0.046) and 4 (p = 0.023), respectively. Regarding the myoelectric activity, there was a significant increase in P80 versus P90 in set 3 (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference between the protocols for time under tension and repetition performance (p> 0.05). Therefore, the increase in myoelectric signal observed between intensities relative to 10RM (80 vs 90%) does not appear to be associated with maximal multiple repetition performance, suggesting that both relative intensities can be applied as variations in training programs or injury rehabilitation without impairment in training volume in unilateral leg extension of the preferred member...AU)

Knee Frontal Plane Projection Angle: A Comparison Study Between Drop Vertical Jump and Step-Down Tests With Young Volleyball Athletes.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. CONTEXT: Altered frontal plane knee mechanics during dynamic tasks have been often associated with lower-extremity injuries. Strategies to decrease these risk factors and improve knee joint stability are often applied in rehabilitation and training environments. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare knee joint frontal plane projection angles (FPPA) via 2-dimensional video analysis during drop vertical jump (DVJ) and step-down test (SDT) tasks in the preferred and nonpreferred limbs of young male and female volleyball players. METHODS: A total of 60 young male (n = 29) and female (n = 31) volleyball players (13.6 [1.1] y, 62.2 [11.2] kg, and 170.8 [10] cm) participated in this study. Once the athletes were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria, limb preference was operationally defined as the preferred kicking leg or the foot used for stair climbing. In a randomized study design, participants were asked to perform a bilateral DVJ and unilateral step-down landing tasks for both preferred and nonpreferred limb. Kinematic analysis was performed via a 2-dimensional video recording of knee joint FPPA alignment. RESULTS: No difference was noted in FFPA during DVJ and SDT tasks between preferred and nonpreferred limbs in both male and female groups (P > .05). The FFPA was significantly higher for both limbs during DVJ versus SDT in both groups (P ≤ .05), but it was not different between male and female athletes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, clinicians may expect young male and female volleyball athletes to demonstrate similar and symmetrical lower-extremity 2-dimensional knee joint FPPA values across screening tests intended to identify lower-extremity injury risk factors. However, greater FPPA values should be expected during the more dynamic DVJ task.

Efeito de diferentes métodos de aquecimento no desempenho de repetições na cadeira extensora: ensaio clínico / The effects of different warm-up methods on repetition performance of leg extension: clinical trials

Introdução: Ao iniciar uma sessão de treinamento de força é recomendado aquecimento como forma de preparação à atividade principal, com o objetivo de melhorar a capacidade fisiológica do indivíduo para determinadas tarefas motoras. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o efeito de diferentes métodos de aquecimento no desempenho de repetições na cadeira extensora. Métodos: Participaram do presente estudo 10 homens (26,9 ± 3,3 anos). Foram feitas 6 visitas, com intervalo de 72 horas. Foram realizadas a familiarização, teste e reteste de 10 repetições máximas e as demais visitas para a execução dos protocolos experimentais. Resultados: Em relação ao total de repetições, a autoliberação miofascial proporcionou maior desempenho em comparação aos demais protocolos de aquecimento. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que a autoliberação miofascial pode ser uma ferramenta importante para treinadores no que concerne à prescrição do aquecimento com a manutenção do desempenho de repetições no treinamento de força.

Introduction: When starting a strength training session it is recommended to warm up as a way of preparing the main activity, with the objective of improving the physiological capacity of the individual for certain motor tasks. Objective: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of different warm-up methods on repetition performance of leg extension. Methods: The study included 10 men (26.9 ± 3.3 years), There were 6 visits, with interval of 72 hours. Was performed familiarization, tested and retest of ten-repetiton maximum, and the others for the execution of the experimental protocols. Conclusion: In relation to the total repetitions, the self myofascial release provided greater performance in comparison to the other protocols. Therefore, we can conclude that the self myofascial release can be an important tool for trainers in the maintenance of the performance of repetitions in the resistance training.

Pain perception and low back pain functional disability after a 10-week core and mobility training program: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 10-week core and mobility training program on pain perception and low back disability score in professors, students and employees of a university. METHODS: Twenty-four individuals of a university who previously reported pain and low back disability were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG; n= 8) that received 2 weekly sessions of 50 minutes of core and mobility training for 10 weeks; or to a control group (CG; n= 16). Both groups received a guideline to adopt ergonomic postures during work and activities of daily living. The visual analog pain scale (VAS) and the Roland-Morris questionnaire (RMQ) were applied pre- and post intervention. RESULTS: Significant reductions in the pain intensity perception (p= 0.014) and low back functional disability (p= 0.011) were noted in the EG pre- and post measures. However, no significant difference was observed in the CG. Thus, there was a significant difference between the EG and the CG in the post-intervention measures (p= 0.001). CONCLUSION: Core and mobility training and home-ergonomic instructions were effective to reduce the pain intensity perception and low back functional disability in the EG.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarker responses after a moderate-intensity soccer training session.

The present study investigated the effects of a moderate-intensity soccer training session on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant capacity in athletes along with the biomarkers creatine kinase and transaminases for lesions in muscle and liver cells. Twenty-two male soccer players participated in this study. Blood samples were collected 5 min before and after a moderate-intensity game simulation. The results showed a decrease in the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) from an elevation in the production of ROS that maintained the redox homeostasis. Although the session promoted an elevated energy demand, observed by an increase in lactate and glucose levels, damage to muscle and/or liver cells was only suggested by a significant elevation in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT). Of the two biomarkers analysed, the results suggest that measurements of the ALT levels could be adopted as a method to monitor recovery in athletes.

Efeitos agudos do aquecimento específico e exercícios de mobilidade articular no desempenho de repetições máximas e volume de treinamento / Acute effects of specific warm up and joint mobility exercise on maximum repetition performance and training volume

Introdução: Diferentes tipos de aquecimentos podem influenciar no desempenho de força. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo de dois protocolos de aquecimento (mobilidade articular e aquecimento específico) sobre o desempenho de repetições máximas e volume de treinamento. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 14 homens (24,29 ± 4,81). Os participantes compareceram no local seis dias não consecutivos com intervalo de 48 horas entre eles, fizeram teste e reteste da carga máxima e realizaram os protocolos experimentais de aquecimentos, seguido da sessão de treinamento de força. Resultados: O volume total da sessão de treinamento (repetições x séries x carga) foi maior no protocolo de exercícios de mobilidade comparado ao protocolo com aquecimento específico. Conclusão: Portanto, parece que os exercícios de mobilidade promovem aumento agudo no desempenho de repetições máximas em exercícios para o membro inferior, quando comparado ao aquecimento específico.

Introduction: Different types of warm up may influence the strength performance. Objective: To investigate the acute effect of two warm up protocols (joint mobility and specific warm) on the maximum repetition performance and training volume. Methods: The study included 14 men (24.29 ± 4.81). Participants attended on site six non-consecutive days with an interval of 48 hours between them, performing 10 repetition maximum test and retest and the experimental protocols (strength training sessions). Results: The training volume of (repetitions x sets x load) was higher in mobility exercise protocol compared to the protocol with specific warm exercises. Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that mobility exercises promote an acute increasing in maximum repetition performance for the lower limb exercises when compared to the specific warm up.

Electromyography Activation of the Lower-Limb Muscles Adopting a Physioball and Elastic Band to Stabilize the Knee Joint During Multiple Sets With Submaximal Loads.

STUDY DESIGN: Crossover design. CONTEXT: Excessive valgus and varus force which affected the knee joint during dynamic tasks has been often associated to lower extremity injuries. Strategies to increase the resistance against these asymmetries (eg, the use of a physioball between the knees or elastic bands around the knees) are often applied in rehabilitation and conditioning programs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of performing leg press (LP) 45° using a physioball and elastic band over multiple sets with submaximal loads on electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and fatigue indices. METHODS: 18 trained females volunteered (age: 24.4 ± 2.1 y; height: 168.1 ± 4 cm; body mass: 65.1 ± 4.4 kg) participated in this study. The 10 repetition maximum (RM) loads were determined for the LP. Then, 3 experimental protocols were followed in a randomized crossover design over 3 nonconsecutive days: control protocol-the participants performed 4 LP sets; physioball between knees-4 LP sets were performed with the physioball between the knees; elastic band-4 LP sets were performed with the elastic band involving the knees. Ten repetitions were performed during each set with 70% of 10-RM loads; EMG spectral indices (CRMS and Cf5) was collected from the biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles. RESULTS: Higher levels of CRMS and Cf5 were noted for RF, VL, and VM muscles using the physioball and elastic band when compared with control protocol, respectively. CRMS index of BF muscle was significantly higher using physioball and elastic band protocol versus control condition, respectively. CONCLUSION: Therefore, both physioball and elastic band can be adopted during LP with the goal to reduce excessive varus and valgus forces, respectively, even performing consecutive sets with submaximal loads. Furthermore, this may be an interesting alternative to increasing quadriceps activation and improving the knee joint stabilization.

Respostas pressóricas em mulheres normotensas treinadas adotando diferentes ordens de exercícios nas sessões de treinamento de força / Blood pressure responses in normotensive-trained women adopting different exercises order during resistance training sessions

Introdução: entre as diversas variáveis do treinamento de força (TF), a ordem dos exercícios provavelmente é uma das mais ignoradas pelos praticantes e treinadores na sua prescrição. Objetivo: investigar o efeito de diferentes ordens de exercícios nas respostas da pressão arterial (PA) após uma sessão de TF. Métodos: oito mulheres normotensas com experiência prévia em TF realizaram três protocolos distintos: SEQA foi adotado uma ordem de alternância dos segmentos; SEQB os exercícios foram realizados dos membros inferiores para os membros superiores; e SEQC a ordem foi oposta ao SEQB. Após o treinamento, os valores pressóricos (sistólico, diastólico e médio) foram analisados ao longo de 60 minutos a partir de um aparelho digital. Resultado: a sessão de TF não promoveu efeito hipotensivo pós esforço redução em nenhuma das diferentes ordens e não houve diferença significativa entre os protocolos. Conclusão: a ordem dos exercícios no TF não é uma variável que influencie na PA pós esforço.

Introduction: the exercise order in resistance training (RT) is one of the different variables that can be used but ignored by practitioners and coaches. Objective: investigate the effect of different exercise order in the arterial pressure responses after a RT session. Methods: eigth women experienced in RT performed three distinct protocols: SEQA was performed alternating limbs training session; SEQB was done with exercises for the lower limbs to the upper limbs; and SEQC followed an opposite sequence to SEQB. After each protocol, the blood pressure values (systolic, diastolic and mean) were analyzed during 60 minutes using a digital model. Results: in the present study, the RT did not reduced the arterial pressure values after each protocol and there was no significant diferences between each set configuration. Conclusion: the findings suggest that exercise order in a RT do not alter de arterial pressure responses after session.

El salto vertical después del estiramiento pasivo de los músculos flexores de la rodilla / Vertical jump performance after passive static stretching of knee flexors muscles

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto agudo del estiramiento estático pasivo (ESP) aplicado en los músculos flexores de la rodilla en el rendimiento del salto vertical (SV). Material y métodos: El estudio consistió en 10 hombres y 10 mujeres voluntarios con experiencia previa en el entrenamiento de fuerza (EF). Los sujetos realizaron 2 protocolos: EF sin ESP (TRAD) y SV inmediatamente después del estiramiento (ESP). Resultados: Hubo una diferencia significativa en el rendimiento del salto vertical ESP (53,6 ± 8,5 cm) en comparación con el TRAD (47,9 ± 13,1 cm) en el grupo femenino. En comparación con los hombres también hubo diferencias significativas en el ESP (58,4 ± 12,3) y el TRAD (51,4 ± 12,3) (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que el estiramiento estático pasivo aplicado solo en los flexores de la rodilla puede mejorar el rendimiento durante el SV para los hombres y mujeres entrenados

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of passive static stretching (PSS) applied on hamstring muscles on vertical jump height (VJ) performance. Materials and methods: Ten men and 10 women with previous experience in resistance training were volunteers, and performed two protocols on non-consecutive days: traditional protocol (TRAD) including VJ without previous PSS, and a PSS protocol, with VJ immediately after stretching. Results: Significant differences were observed in VJ performance with PSS (53.6 ± 8.5 cm) when compared to TRAD (47.9 ± 13.1 cm) for the women’s group (P = .021). Significant differences were also observed in the men’s group with PSS (58,4 ± 12.3) versus TRAD (51.4 ± 9.6) protocol (P = 0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that PSS applied only on hamstring muscles may have an acute effect on increasing the VJ performance for both men and women with previous experience in resistance training

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF KNEE VALGUS DURING DROP VERTICAL JUMP AND FORWARD STEP-UP IN YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Lower limb asymmetry between dominant and nondominant limbs is often associated with injuries. However, there is a lack of evidence about frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of the knee joint (knee valgus) during drop vertical jump (DVJ) and forward step-up tasks (FSUP) in young basketball players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the FPPA (i.e., dynamic knee valgus) via 2D video analysis during DVJ and FSUP tasks in the dominant and nondominant limbs of young male basketball players. METHODS: Twenty seven young male basketball players (age 14.5 ± 1.3 y, height 161.1 ± 4.1 cm, weight 64.2 ± 10.2 kg) participated in this study. The participants were asked to perform a bilateral DVJ and unilateral FSUP tasks. Kinematic analysis of FPPA was completed via a two-dimensional (2D) examination in order to evaluate the knee valgus alignment during the beginning of the concentric phase of each task. Knee valgus alignment was computed considering the angle between the line formed between the markers at the anterior superior iliac spine and middle of the tibiofemoral joint and the line formed from the markers on the middle of the tibiofemoral joint to the middle of the ankle mortise. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate differences in tasks. Standard error of measurement (SEM) was calculated to establish random error scores. RESULTS: There was no difference in knee valgus angle during the DVJ task between dominant (20.2 ± 4.4 º) and nondominant legs (20 ± 4.1 º; p = 0.067). However, a significant difference was noted during FSUP between the non-dominant limb (18.7 ± 3.4 º) when compared to the dominant (21.7 ± 3.5 º; p = 0.001) limb. CONCLUSION: Two dimensional kinematic analysis of knee FPPA may help coaches and other professionals to detect asymmetries between dominant and nondominant limbs, and to develop training programs with the goal of reducing overall lower extremity injury risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b.

Comparison study of resistance exercise nomenclature adopted among professionals and undergraduate physical education students / Estudo de comparação da nomenclatura dos exercícios resistidos entre profissionais e discentes de educação física

Abstract In the past few years, increased popularity of resistance training (RT) and a significant increase in the number of professionals and undergraduate in Physical Education students have been observed. A variety of names has been usually adopted for the same resistance exercise in fields. The aim of the study was to compare the resistance exercise nomenclature adopted by physical education professionals and students, and also to identify the frequencies of names adopted for these resistance exercises. The study included 191 graduate students and active physical education professionals of RT centers and gyms in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ten exercises traditionally performed on RT programs were selected. The results indicated that there was no association between the nomenclature of exercises and academic degree for all exercises included in the survey. However, there was significant difference (p <0.001) among response frequencies for each exercise, for the whole sample. In this sense, this study enabled identifying significant differences in the nomenclature of resistance exercises. Therefore, nomenclature standardization is essential to establish a direction and clearness in communication among professionals.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, observa-se um aumento significativo na popularidade do treinamento de força (TF), bem como aumento significativo no número de profissionais e estudantes de Educação Física no Brasil. Neste sentido, uma variedade de nomes têm sido adotadas para os exercícios resistidos. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a nomenclatura dos exercícios resistidos adotados por profissionais de Educação Física e estudantes de graduação, bem como verificar a frequência de nomes adotados para cada exercício, respectivamente. O estudo incluiu 191 alunos de pós-graduação e profissionais de Educação Física atuantes no TF em centros e academias do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Dez exercícios tradicionalmente realizados em programas de TF foram selecionados. Os resultados indicaram que não houve associação entre a nomenclatura dos exercícios e grau acadêmico para todos os exercícios incluídos na pesquisa. No entanto, houve diferença significativa (p <0,001) entre as frequências de respostas para cada exercício, considerando toda a amostra. Neste sentido, no presente estudo, foi possível identificar diferença significativa da nomenclatura dos exercícios resistidos. Logo, a padronização da nomenclatura é essencial para estabelecer uma direção e clareza na comunicação entre profissionais da área.

Efeito da pré-ativação dos antagonistas sobre a determinação da carga no teste de 10 repetições máximas no exercício supino reto / Effects of antagonist pre-activation on 10 repetition maximum load determination in the bench press exercise

Introdução: Evidências indicam que a pré-ativação do antagonista melhora o desempenho agonista no exercício. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da pré-ativação dos antagonistas (PAA) na determinação de carga no teste de 10 repetições máximas (RM) no supino reto no smith (SRS). Métodos: sessões 1 e 2, o teste e reteste de 10-RM foram aplicados no exercício remada aberta sentado (RAS). Sessões 3, 4, 5 e 6, o teste e reteste para o exercício SRS foram aplicados em duas condições distintas: tradicional, sem pré ativação dos antagonistas; PAA, uma série no RAS foi aplicada até a falha, e seguida pela tentativa no exercício SRS registrando-se o máximo de carga para de 10-RM. Resultado: no exercício SRS sem PAA obteve-se 99 ± 10,5 kg, quando se realizou a PAA através da RAS verificou-se 102,7 ± 12,7 kg. Conclusão: o estudo evidenciou que a pré-ativação dos antagonistas pode aumentar a força dos agonistas melhorando seu desempenho.

Introduction: studies indicate that preactivation of the antagonist can improve performance on agonist exercise. Objective: investigate the effect of antagonist preactivation (PAA) on the 10 maximum repetition performance of the agonists. Methods: on sessions 1 and 2, the volunteers performed a test and retest of 10 maximum repetitions (RM) in the wide grip seated row (WSR). Sessions 3, 4, 5 and 6, a test and retest in the bench press in smith machine (BPS) was made in two conditions: traditional, without preactivation; PAA, one set in the WSR to the fatigue point and immediately a trial in the BPS every attempt, registering the maximum 10-RM load. Results: the BPS test without PAA was obtained 99 ± 10.5 kg, however when PAA was carried out in SR test was obtained 102.7 ± 12.7 kg. Conclusion: The study showed that the proposal to activate the antagonist before agonist may increase the strength of the agonist.