Bioactive-Enhanced Polyetheretherketone Dental Implant Materials: Mechanical Characterization and Cellular Responses.

The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanical properties of a bioactive-modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) manufacturing approach for dental implants and to compare the in vitro biological behavior with titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) as the reference. PEEK, PEEK with 5% hydroxyapatite (HA), PEEK with 5% beta-tricalcium phosphate (ßTCP), and Ti6Al4V discs were produced using hot pressing technology to create a functionally graded material (FGM). Surface roughness values (Ra, Rz), water contact angle, shear bond strength, and Vickers hardness tests were performed. Human osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts bioactivity was evaluated by a resazurin-based method, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of fluorescent-stained fibroblasts. Morphology and cellular adhesion were confirmed using field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). Group comparisons were tested using analysis of variance (Tukey post hoc test), α = .05. All groups presented similar roughness values (P > .05). Ti6Al4V group was found to have the highest contact angle (P < .05). Shear bond strength and Vickers hardness of different PEEK materials were similar (P > .05); however, the mean values in the Ti6Al4V group were significantly higher when compared with those of the other groups (P < .05). Cell viability and proliferation of osteoblast and fibroblast cells were higher in the PEEK group (P < .05). PEEK-ßTCP showed the highest significant ALP activity over time (P < .05 at 14 days of culture). An enhanced bone and soft-tissue cell behavior on pure PEEK was obtained to the gold standard (Ti6Al4V) with equivalent roughness. The results substantiate the potential role of chemical composition rather than physical properties of materials in biological responses. The addition of 5% HA or ßTCP by FGM did not enhance PEEK mechanical properties or periodontal cell behavior.

Hard and Soft Tissue Cell Behavior on Polyetheretherketone, Zirconia, and Titanium Implant Materials

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the behavior of human osteoblasts and human gingival fibroblasts in contact with polyetheretherketone (PEEK), zirconia, and titanium implant surface materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PEEK, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YTZP), and titanium discs were produced under appropriate and similar conditions to achieve controlled surface features. Human osteoblasts and human gingival fibroblasts were cultured on discs for 14 days. Cell viability and proliferation were evaluated using a resazurin-based method. Morphology and cellular adhesion were observed using field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone cell mineralization were evaluated on osteoblasts. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of fluorescent-stained fibroblasts were obtained at 7 and 14 days of the culture. Results were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). Group comparisons were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Tukey's post hoc) with appropriate statistical software, and significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Cell viability and proliferation were higher in PEEK and YTZP groups compared with titanium on osteoblast cells (P < .05, all time points) and on fibroblasts (P < .05, 7 and 14 days). All groups showed an increase in ALP activity over time, which was not significant. Mineralization patterns demonstrated an increase in mineral content over time, which was more apparent in the YTZP group. Cell spreading was more evident on PEEK and YTZP specimens. CONCLUSION: The results suggest increased adhesion, viability, and proliferation of osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts on zirconia and PEEK surfaces compared with titanium. These results are correlated with the increased wettability of these materials.

Bioactivity of novel functionally structured titanium-ceramic composites in contact with human osteoblasts.

The aim of this study was to analyze the osteogenic cell behavior on the surface of novel functionally graded titanium-based composites containing bioactive ceramics. Titanium grade V discs (8 × 3 mm) embedding gradual content of hydroxyapatite (TiAlV-HA) or beta-tricalcium phosphate (TiAlV-ßTCP) were produced by hot-pressing technique. Titanium-ceramic composite discs and Ti grade V (control group) were placed in contact with human osteoblast culture assays. The morphology and adhesion of osteoblasts were inspected by field emission guns scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) while cell viability was assessed by fluorometric method. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and fluorescent microscopic analyses were used to evaluate mineralization on the test and control discs. FEGSEM images showed cells adhered to Ti6Al4V-ceramic and Ti6Al4V surfaces over a period of 24 h, and therefore, an intense proliferation of osteoblasts and spreading cells was noticed for 7 days. Cell viability increased with time on all the surfaces although TiAlV-ßTCP revealed significant higher percentage of cell viability than that recorded for TiAlV-HA (p < 0.01). TiAlV-ßTCP also showed the highest hydrophilic character. ALP levels increased on the Ti6Al4V-ceramic surfaces when compared to the control group. Also, a qualitative analysis of mineralization evidenced an increase in mineral content on TiAlV-HA or TiAlV-ßTCP groups. Novel functionally graded composites based on Ti grade V and hydroxyapatite or ßTCP showed a higher bioactivity in presence of osteoblasts than that recorded on Ti grade V. Also, such functionally graded materials can prevent risks of failures by detachment of bioactive ceramic materials during implant placement. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1923-1931, 2018.