Dissolved organic matter transformations in a freshwater rivermouth.

River-to-lake transitional areas are biogeochemically active ecosystems that can alter the amount and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as it moves through the aquatic continuum. However, few studies have directly measured carbon processing and assessed the carbon budget of freshwater rivermouths. We compiled measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and DOM in several water column (light and dark) and sediment incubation experiments conducted in the mouth of the Fox river (Fox rivermouth) upstream from Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Despite variation in the direction of DOC fluxes from sediments, we found that the Fox rivermouth was a net sink of DOC where water column DOC mineralization outweighed the release of DOC from sediments at the rivermouth scale. Although we found DOM composition also changed during our experiments, alterations in DOM optical properties were largely independent of the direction of sediment DOC fluxes. We found a consistent decrease in humic-like and fulvic-like terrestrial DOM and a consistent increase in the overall microbial composition of rivermouth DOM during our incubations. Moreover, greater ambient total dissolved phosphorus concentrations were positively associated with the consumption of terrestrial humic-like, microbial protein-like, and more recently derived DOM but had no effect on bulk DOC in the water column. Unexplained variation indicates that other environmental controls and water column processes affect the processing of DOM in this rivermouth. Nonetheless, the Fox rivermouth appears capable of substantial DOM transformation with implications for the composition of DOM entering Lake Michigan. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10533-022-01000-z.

Periphyton Phosphorus Uptake in Response to Dynamic Concentrations in Streams: Assimilation and Changes to Intracellular Speciation.

Effective modeling and management of phosphorus (P) losses from landscapes to receiving waterbodies requires an adequate understanding of P retention and remobilization along the terrestrial-aquatic continuum. Within aquatic ecosystems, the stream periphyton can transiently store bioavailable P through uptake and incorporation into biomass during subscouring and baseflow conditions. However, the capacity of stream periphyton to respond to dynamic P concentrations, which are ubiquitous in streams, is largely unknown. Our study used artificial streams to impose short periods (48 h) of high SRP concentration on stream periphyton acclimated to P scarcity. We examined periphyton P content and speciation through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to elucidate the intracellular storage and transformation of P taken up across a gradient of transiently elevated SRP availabilities. Our study demonstrates that the stream periphyton not only takes up significant quantities of P following a 48-h high P pulse but also sustains supplemental growth over extended periods of time (10 days), following the reestablishment of P scarcity by efficiently assimilating P stored as polyphosphates into functional biomass (i.e., phospho-monoesters and phospho-diesters). Although P uptake and intracellular storage approached an upper limit across the experimentally imposed SRP pulse gradient, our findings demonstrate the previously underappreciated extent to which the periphyton can modulate the timing and magnitude of P delivery from streams. Further elucidating these intricacies in the transient storage potential of periphyton highlights opportunities to enhance the predictive capacity of watershed nutrient models and potentially improve watershed P management.

Environmental Stress and the Morphology of Daphnia pulex.

AbstractMorphological variation is sometimes used as an indicator of environmental stress in animals. Here, we assessed how multiple morphological traits covaried in Daphnia pulex exposed to five common forms of environmental stress (high temperature, presence of predator cues, high salinity, low food abundance, and low Ca). We measured animal body length, body width, head width, eyespot diameter, and tail spine length along with mass in animals of five different ages (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d). There were strong allometric relationships among all morphological traits in reference animals and strong univariate effects of environmental stress on body mass and body length. We found that environmental stressors altered bivariate relationships between select pairwise combinations of morphological traits, with effects being dependent on animal age. Multivariate analyses further revealed high connectivity among body size-related traits but that eyespot diameter and tail spine length were less tightly associated with body size. Animals exposed to natural lake water with and without supplemental food also varied in morphology, with body size differences being suggestive of starvation and other unknown nutritional deficiencies. Yet our results demonstrate that the scaling of body morphological traits of Daphnia pulex is largely invariant with possible context-dependent plasticity in eye size and tail spine lengths. The strong coordination of traits indicates tight molecular coordination of body size during development despite strong and varied environmental stress.

Applying early warning indicators to predict critical transitions in a lake undergoing multiple changes.

Lakes are dynamic ecosystems that can transition among stable states. Since ecosystem-scale transitions can be detrimental and difficult to reverse, being able to predict impending critical transitions in state variables has become a major area of research. However, not all transitions are detrimental, and there is considerable interest in better evaluating the success of management interventions to support adaptive management strategies. Here, we retrospectively evaluated the agreement between time series statistics (i.e., standard deviation, autocorrelation, skewness, and kurtosis-also known as early warning indicators) and breakpoints in state variables in a lake (Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada) that has improved from a state of eutrophication. Long-term (1980 to 2019) monitoring data collected fortnightly throughout the ice-free season were used to evaluate historical changes in 15 state variables (e.g., dissolved organic carbon, phosphorus, chlorophyll a) and multivariate-derived time series at three monitoring stations (shallow, middepth, deep) in Lake Simcoe. Time series results from the two deep-water stations indicate that over this period Lake Simcoe transitioned from an algal-dominated state toward a state with increased water clarity (i.e., Secchi disk depth) and silica and lower nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations, which coincided with both substantial management intervention and the establishment of invasive species (e.g., Dreissenid mussels). Consistent with improvement, Secchi depth at the deep-water stations demonstrated expected trends in statistical indicators prior to identified breakpoints, whereas total phosphorus and chlorophyll a revealed more nuanced patterns. Overall, state variables were largely found to yield inconsistent trends in statistical indicators, so many breakpoints were likely not reflective of traditional bifurcation critical transitions. Nevertheless, statistical indicators of state variable time series may be a valuable tool for the adaptive management and long-term monitoring of lake ecosystems, but we call for more research within the domain of early warning indicators to establish a better understanding of state variable behavior prior to lake changes.

Episodic loadings of phosphorus influence growth and composition of benthic algae communities in artificial stream mesocosms.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for algal communities, but in excess can exacerbate stream eutrophication. However, P loadings to streams vary temporally from continuous to episodic as a result of inputs from point and non-point sources, respectively. P loading pattern can thus alter the temporal availability of P and may influence effects of P enrichment on algal communities. We assessed how P loading pattern influences algal biomass and composition by conducting a 29-day P enrichment experiment in nine artificial streams exposed to either: (1) continuous P enrichment; (2) episodic P enrichment, or; (3) no P enrichment. P enrichment increased algal biomass accrual, but peak biomass did not differ between continuously and episodically enriched treatments. Maximum absolute growth rates were also comparable between P enriched treatments. However, episodic P additions sustained elevated rates of biomass accrual, whereas absolute growth rates in the continuously enriched communities declined towards the end of the experiment. P enrichment resulted in comparable increases in relative abundance of chlorophytes and decreased proportions of bacillariophytes and charophytes in algal communities for continuously and episodically enriched treatments. However, composition of bacillariophyte (diatom) assemblages differed significantly among all P enrichment treatments in accordance with species autecological attributes for P. Our results demonstrate that episodic and continuous P enrichment may augment algal biomass similarly. Yet, P loading pattern regulated the composition of algal communities. Thus, remedial management strategies for the control of nuisance algae production may require focus on the predominant source of P to streams. Finally, species specific responses of diatom assemblages to P enrichment and associated loading patterns suggests this taxonomic group may have potential as diagnostic indicators for identifying the presence of key nutrient sources associated with eutrophication of stream ecosystems.

Intra-annual variation of the association between agricultural best management practices and stream nutrient concentrations.

Temporal variation may influence the ability of best management practices (BMPs) to mitigate the loss of agricultural pollutants to streams. Our goal was to assess variation in mitigation effects of BMPs by examining the associations between instream nutrient concentrations and the abundance and location of four structural BMPs over a hydrologic year. Water samples were collected monthly (Nov. 2013-Oct. 2014) in 15 headwater streams representing a gradient of BMP use in Southern Ontario, Canada. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were used to associate two groups of collinear nutrient forms with the abundance and location of BMPs, antecedent precipitation and time of year. BMP metrics in PLS models were associated with instream concentrations of major phosphorus forms and ammonium throughout the year. In contrast, total nitrogen and nitrate-nitrite were only associated with BMPs during snowmelt. BMP metrics associated with reductions of phosphorus and ammonium included greater abundances of riparian buffers and manure storage structures, but not livestock restriction fences. Likewise, the abundance and location riparian vegetation in areas capturing more surface runoff were associated with decreased stream nitrogen concentrations during snowmelt. However, the amount of tile drainage was associated with increased nitrogen concentrations following snowmelt, as well as with greater phosphorus and ammonium concentrations throughout the year. Overall, our findings indicate that increasing the abundance of riparian buffers and manure storage structures may decrease instream nutrient concentrations in agricultural areas. Additionally, the implementation of these structural BMPs appear to be an effective year-round strategy to assist management objectives in reducing phosphorus concentrations in small agricultural streams and thus loadings to downstream tributaries. Further mitigation measures, such as managerial BMPs and controlled tile drainage, may be required to further reduce instream nutrient concentrations during baseflow periods and snowmelt events.