Identification of the novel HLA-B*51:367 allele in a cord blood donor by next-generation sequencing.

The new HLA-B*51:367 differs from B*51:01:01:64 by four substitutions in exon 1.

Characterization of the novel HLA-DPA1 allele, HLA-DPA1*01:86.

HLA-DPA1*01:86 differs from DPA1*01:03:01:05 by a single nucleotide change in codon 94 (AAG>GAG).

Identification of a new HLA-A allele: A*31:187.

HLA-A*31:187 differs from A*31:01:02:04 by a single nucleotide change in codon 80 (ACC > AAC).

Identification of a single nucleotide deletion in the novel HLA-DQB1*06:379N allele, detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Sequence Based Typing but not by Next Generation Sequencing.

In this report we describe the characterization of a novel null HLA-DQB1 allele, detected by polymerase chain reaction-sequence-based typing but not by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The new allele, HLA-DQB1*06:379N, was discovered in an Italian patient with acute myeloid leukemia and also in one of her healthy siblings. The new allele is largely homologous to DQB1*06:02:01:01 with a T deletion in exon 2, in codon 11, which causes a frameshift and the formation of an unusual and premature TGA STOP in codon 27. This case report underlines the importance of not removing Sanger method sequencing from routine use for high-resolution HLA typing, but to maintain it together with NGS technology.

Wheat Consumption Leads to Immune Activation and Symptom Worsening in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever: A Pilot Randomized Trial.

We have identified a clinical association between self-reported non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Objectives: A) To determine whether a 2-week double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) cross-over wheat vs. rice challenge exacerbates the clinical manifestations of FMF; B) to evaluate innate immune responses in NCWS/FMF patients challenged with wheat vs. rice. The study was conducted at the Department of Internal Medicine of the University Hospital of Palermo and the Hospital of Sciacca, Italy. Six female volunteers with FMF/NCWS (mean age 36 ± 6 years) were enrolled, 12 age-matched non-FMF, NCWS females, and 8 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. We evaluated: 1. clinical symptoms by the FMF-specific AIDAI (Auto-Inflammatory Diseases Activity Index) score; 2. serum soluble CD14 (sCD14), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid A (SSA); 3. circulating CD14+ monocytes expressing interleukin (IL)-1ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The AIDAI score significantly increased in FMF patients during DBPC with wheat, but not with rice (19 ± 6.3 vs. 7 ± 1.6; p = 0.028). sCD14 values did not differ in FMF patients before and after the challenge, but were higher in FMF patients than in healthy controls (median values 11357 vs. 8710 pg/ml; p = 0.002). The percentage of circulating CD14+/IL-1ß+ and of CD14+/TNF-α+ monocytes increased significantly after DBPC with wheat vs. baseline or rice challenge. Self-reported NCWS can hide an FMF diagnosis. Wheat ingestion exacerbated clinical and immunological features of FMF. Future studies performed on consecutive FMF patients recruited in centers for auto-inflammatory diseases will determine the real frequency and relevance of this association.

The novel HLA-A*68 variant, HLA-A*68:02:16, identified by next-generation sequencing.

HLA-A*68:02:16 differs from A*68:02:01:01 by a single synonymous nucleotide change in codon 160 (CTG>CTA).

Characterization of the novel HLA-DPA1 allele, HLA-DPA1*01:27.

HLA-DPA1*01:27 differs from DPA1*01:03:01:01 by a single non-synonymous nucleotide change in codon 15 (ACG > ATG).

Study on Hydroxyurea Response in Hemoglobinopathies Patients Using Genetic Markers and Liquid Erythroid Cultures.

Increased expression of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) may ameliorate the clinical course of hemoglobinopathies. Hydroxyurea (HU) is the only inducer approved for the treatment of these diseases able to stimulate HbF production but patients' response is highly variable indicating the utility of the identification of pharmacogenomic biomarkers in order to predict pharmacological treatment efficacy. To date few studies to evaluate the role of genetic determinants in HU response have been conducted showing contradictory results. In this study we analyzed BCL11A, GATA-1, KLF-1 genes and γ-globin promoter in 60 alleles from 30 hemoglobinopathies patients under HU treatment to assess the role of these markers in HU response. We did not find any association between these genetic determinants and HU response. Before treatment started, the same patients were analyzed in vitro using liquid erythroid cultures in a test able to predict their response to HU. The results of our analysis confirm the absence of pharmacogenomic biomarker associated to HU response indicating that, the quantification of γ-globin mRNA fold increase remains the only method able to predict in vivo patients response to the drug.

Efficacy of Rapamycin as Inducer of Hb F in Primary Erythroid Cultures from Sickle Cell Disease and ß-Thalassemia Patients.

Phenotypic improvement of hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and ß-thalassemia (ß-thal) has been shown in patients with high levels of Hb F. Among the drugs proposed to increase Hb F production, hydroxyurea (HU) is currently the only one proven to improve the clinical course of these diseases. However, Hb F increase and patient's response are highly variable, indicating that new pharmacological agents could be useful for patients not responding to HU or showing a reduction of response during long-term therapy. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of rapamycin, a lypophilic macrolide used for the prevention of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients, as an inducer of Hb F production. The analyses were performed in cultured erythroid progenitors from 25 sickle cell disease and 25 ß-thal intermedia (ß-TI) patients. The use of a quantitative Real-Time-polymerase chain reaction ReTi-PCR technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed us to determine the increase in γ-globin mRNA expression and Hb F production in human erythroid cells treated with rapamycin. The results of our study demonstrated an increase in vitro of γ-globin mRNA expression in 15 sickle cell disease and 14 ß-TI patients and a corresponding Hb F increase. The induction by rapamycin, even if lower or similar in most of samples analyzed, in some cases was higher than HU. These data suggest that rapamycin could be a good candidate to be used in vivo for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies.

Quantification of HBG mRNA in primary erythroid cultures: prediction of the response to hydroxyurea in sickle cell and beta-thalassemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Increased expression of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) may ameliorate the clinical course of hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell disease (SCD) and ß-thalassemia. Hydroxyurea (HU) can stimulate HbF production in these diseases but the response is highly variable indicating the utility of developing an in vitro test to predict the patient's response to HU. We assessed whether the HbF response of patients with SCD and thalassemia intermedia (TI) to HU correlates with HBG (both γ-globin genes) expression in their cultured erythroid progenitors following exposure to HU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We exposed primary erythroid cultures from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 patients with SCD and 15 with TI to HU and measured HBG mRNA by real-time quantitative PCR. The same patients were then treated with HU and their HbF response after treatment with a stable dose of HU was compared with the mRNA results in cultured cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fold increase in HBG mRNA in erythroid progenitors was similar to the fold increase in HbF in vivo. Quantification of HBG mRNA in erythroid progenitor cell cultures from patients with SCD and TI is predictive of their clinical response to HU.

Cerebrovascular events in sickle cell-beta thalassemia treated with hydroxyurea: a single center prospective survey in adult Italians.

Stroke is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD) and silent cerebral infarction is the most common form of neurologic injury. The frequency and risk factors for new silent cerebral infarction are incompletely understood. Moreover, no recommended treatment has been established. Although hydroxyurea (HU) is recommended for SCD, concerns remain regarding its role in the prevention of cerebrovascular events, including silent cerebral infarction. A single center population of 104 Italian patients with HbS-ß thalassemia treated with HU has been followed for a mean of 11 years. Clinical evaluation and brain imaging by Magnetic Resonance Imaging were done before and during HU treatment. During follow-up, the number of sickle cell crises (86%, 7.8 ± 6.9 vs. 1.2 ± 0.5 per year, P < 0.0001), hospitalizations (2.5 ± 2.9 vs. 0.3 ± 1.5 per year, P < 0.0001), and days in the hospital (22.4 ± 21.9 vs. 0.3±1.5 per year, P < 0.0001) decreased significantly and HbF increased from a mean of 8-20.8%. Cerebral infarcts occurred in 37.5% of patients. Among these, 6.7% had overt strokes, while 30% had new or progressive silent cerebral infarction. Stroke and silent cerebral infarction were not related to clinical hematologic or HbF response to HU. These findings suggest that in adults, HU treatment does not prevent new cerebrovascular events or the progression of existent silent cerebral infarcts in HbS-ß thalassemia. A major benefit of HU is the increase in HbF; the association of high HbF and reduced cerebrovascular disease has been weak. New treatment strategies should be developed for the prevention of sickle cerebrovascular disease.

Desensitization to hydroxycarbamide following long-term treatment of thalassaemia intermedia as observed in vivo and in primary erythroid cultures from treated patients.

Hydroxycarbamide (HC) is a pharmacological agent capable of stimulating fetal haemoglobin (HbF) production during adult life. High levels of HbF may ameliorate the clinical course of ß-thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. The efficacy of HC for the treatment of thalassaemia major and thalassaemia intermedia is variable. Although an increase of HbF has been observed in most patients, only some patients experience significant improvement in total haemoglobin levels. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of short- (1 year) and long-term (mean follow-up 68 months) HC treatment in 24 thalassaemia intermedia patients. Additionally, we evaluated if primary erythroid progenitor cells cultured from treated patients responded to HC treatment in a manner similar to that observed in vivo. Our results confirm a good response to HC after a short-term follow-up in 70% of thalassaemia intermedia patients and a reduction of clinical response in patients with a long follow-up. Erythroid cultures obtained from patients during treatment reproduced the observed in vivo response. Interestingly, haematopoietic stem cells from long-term treated patients showed reduced ability to develop into primary erythroid cultures some months before the reduction of the 'in vivo' response. The mechanism of this loss of response to HC remains to be determined.

Induction of gamma-globin gene transcription by hydroxycarbamide in primary erythroid cell cultures from Lepore patients.

Increased expression of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) may ameliorate the clinical course of beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Some pharmacological agents, such as hydroxycarbamide (HC), can increase fetal haemoglobin synthesis during adult life. Cellular selection and/or molecular mechanisms have been proposed to account for this increase. To explore the mechanism of action of HC we focused on homozygous Hb-Lepore patients that presented with high fetal haemoglobin levels and were good responders to HC treatment "in vivo". We performed primary erythroid cultures from peripheral blood of four homozygous Lepore patients. The increase in HBG (gamma-globin) transcription levels and HbF content in these cultures, after HC treatment, were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analysis and flow cytometric analysis. Primary transcript "in-situ" hybridization analysis showed a 2-fold increase in the number of cells expressing both HBG alleles in HC-treated erythroid cultures. These studies, demonstrating the larger number of biallelic HBG expressing cells, suggest that HC is able to stimulate the activation of HBG transcription. These observations provide evidences that the molecular mechanism of action is involved in the increase of fetal haemoglobin production by HC.