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1.
Psicol. conduct ; 31(3): 463-478, 2023. tab, graf, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-228375

ABSTRACT

La soledad es un problema emergente de salud pública en países desarrollados. El objetivo es establecer la prevalencia en una muestra representativa de una gran ciudad y su relación con indicadores de salud mental. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio estratificado (n= 8.828), se preguntó por el grado en que se había sentido sólo durante el último año y se incluyeron cuestionarios relativos a su salud mental. Un 10,2% declaró sentirse solo durante el último año. Quienes se sienten solos cuadriplican las probabilidades de desarrollar más síntomas de mala salud mental (63% vs. 16%), recibir un diagnóstico de ansiedad/depresión y de serles prescritos psicofármacos. El modelo estructural sugiere que la soledad empeora la salud mental, conllevando mayor prescripción de fármacos, lo que incrementa la sensación de soledad. La soledad suele quedar en el anonimato y la intimidad, y se aborda principalmente mediante la prescripción de psicofármacos que agravan el problema, sumiendo al sujeto en un círculo vicioso con difícil escapatoria. Los resultados obligan a ofrecer respuestas más eficaces que el mero abordaje farmacológico. (AU)


Loneliness is an emerging public health problem in developed countries. The objective was to establish the prevalence in a representative sample of a large city and its relationship with mental health indicators. Using stratified random sampling, a sample of 8,828 was obtained. The degree to which they had felt lonely during the last year and other questions and questionnaires related to their mental health were asked. A total of 10.2% reported feeling lonely during the last year. Those who felt lonely were four times more likely to develop more symptoms of poor mental health (63% vs. 16%), to receive a diagnosis of anxiety/depression, and to be prescribed psychotropic drugs. The structural model suggests thatloneliness worsens mental health, leading to greater prescription of drugs, which increases feelings of loneliness. Loneliness tends to remain in anonymity and intimacy, and is addressed mainly through the prescription of psychotropic drugs that aggravate the problem, plunging the subject into a vicious circle that is difficult to escape. The results make it necessary to offer more effective responses than a mere pharmacological approach. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Mental Health , Loneliness/psychology , Population Studies in Public Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Spain/epidemiology
2.
Brain Inj ; 36(6): 775-781, 2022 05 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35446745

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of functional cognition is a central concern in clinical practice. However, there are few standardized or validated tools, and many of them take too long, requiring screening tests. AIMS: To explore the convergent validity of the ACLS-5 with other cognitive screening test and functional independence test in a sample of people with acquired brain injury. Moreover, to examine the prediction of ACLS-5 on functioning and cognitive performance outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional design was applied following the guidelines of the STROBE checklist. A consecutive sample of people with acquired brain injury was recruited from rehabilitation centers. A cognitive screening test and daily living activity tests were implemented, such as ACLS-5, MoCA, Barthel, and FIM+FAM. Data were analyzed using non-parametric methods. In addition, a structural analysis and simple regression models were performed. RESULTS: Eighty patients with chronic acquired brain injury, with a mean age of 52, were recruited. All tests are significantly related to the ACLS-5 score, a moderate effect size for MoCA (ρ = 0.36), and a strong effect size for the other two (ρ > 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: ACLS-5 predicts functional and cognitive performance quickly and effectively, optimizing assessment time and avoiding mental fatigue or physical exhaustion.


Subject(s)
Brain Injuries , Disability Evaluation , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Brain Injuries/diagnosis , Brain Injuries/rehabilitation , Cognition , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Middle Aged
3.
Rev. esp. drogodepend ; 47(1): 90-117, ene.-marzo 2022.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-206839

ABSTRACT

Este artículo pretende ser el epítome de una trayectoria, de una línea de actuación mantenida en eltiempo y enmarcada en una visión de la persona, no como objeto de tratamiento, sino como sujetoresponsable y co-constructor de la respuesta a una problemática adictiva.Transcender la adicción es el liberar la mirada de un paradigma arcaico, opresor y estigmatizante.Es, así mismo, establecer una relación horizontal, propositiva y motivante, en vez de la relaciónvertical imperante. Lo técnico no debe priorizar a lo relacional.Transcender la adicción es ir más allá de un diagnóstico; ir más allá de la consideración de enfermedadmental, para poder centrar el proceso en la persona y, fundamentalmente, en la parte sana, en laparte no contaminada, para la consecución de su ser libre, ser libre para.Siendo la identidad una necesidad afectiva, cognitiva y activa, debe constituirse en el pilar básico deltratamiento. No se trata de rehabilitar adicciones, sino generar la posibilidad de que una persona sereencuentre a sí misma en el camino de su existencia.Cierto día se oyó un lamento “yo no soy mi adicción, no me lo hagáis creer”. (AU)


This article aims to be the epitome of a trajectory, of a line of action maintained over time andframed in a vision of the person, not as an object of treatment, but as a responsible subjectand co-builder of the response to an addictive problem.Transcending addiction is freeing the gaze from an archaic, oppressive and stigmatizing paradigm. It is, likewise, to establish a horizontal, purposeful and motivating relationship, instead ofthe prevailing vertical relationship. The technical should not favor the relational.Transcending addiction is going beyond a diagnosis; go beyond the consideration of mentalillness, to be able to focus the process on the person and, fundamentally, on the healthy part,on the uncontaminated part, in order to achieve their free being.Since identity is an affective, cognitive and active need, it must become the basic pillar of treatment. It is not about rehabilitating addictions, but generating the possibility for a person torediscover themself on the path of their existence.One day a lament was heard: “I am not my addiction, don’t make me believe it” (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Substance-Related Disorders , Mental Health Recovery , Psychiatric Rehabilitation
4.
Rev. esp. drogodepend ; 47(1): 118-143, ene.-marzo 2022.
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-206840

ABSTRACT

This article aims to be the epitome of a trajectory, of a line of action maintained over time andframed in a vision of the person, not as an object of treatment, but as a responsible subjectand co-builder of the response to an addictive problem.Transcending addiction is freeing the gaze from an archaic, oppressive and stigmatizing paradigm. It is, likewise, to establish a horizontal, purposeful and motivating relationship, instead ofthe prevailing vertical relationship. The technical should not favor the relational.Transcending addiction is going beyond a diagnosis; go beyond the consideration of mentalillness, to be able to focus the process on the person and, fundamentally, on the healthy part,on the uncontaminated part, in order to achieve their free being.Since identity is an affective, cognitive and active need, it must become the basic pillar of treatment. It is not about rehabilitating addictions, but generating the possibility for a person torediscover themself on the path of their existence.One day a lament was heard: “I am not my addiction, don’t make me believe it” (AU)


Este artículo pretende ser el epítome de una trayectoria, de una línea de actuación mantenida en eltiempo y enmarcada en una visión de la persona, no como objeto de tratamiento, sino como sujetoresponsable y co-constructor de la respuesta a una problemática adictiva.Transcender la adicción es el liberar la mirada de un paradigma arcaico, opresor y estigmatizante.Es, así mismo, establecer una relación horizontal, propositiva y motivante, en vez de la relaciónvertical imperante. Lo técnico no debe priorizar a lo relacional.Transcender la adicción es ir más allá de un diagnóstico; ir más allá de la consideración de enfermedadmental, para poder centrar el proceso en la persona y, fundamentalmente, en la parte sana, en laparte no contaminada, para la consecución de su ser libre, ser libre para.Siendo la identidad una necesidad afectiva, cognitiva y activa, debe constituirse en el pilar básico deltratamiento. No se trata de rehabilitar adicciones, sino generar la posibilidad de que una persona sereencuentre a sí misma en el camino de su existencia.Cierto día se oyó un lamento “yo no soy mi adicción, no me lo hagáis creer”. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Substance-Related Disorders , Mental Health Recovery , Psychiatric Rehabilitation
5.
Adicciones ; 34(3): 197-207, 2022 Jul 01.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33338244

ABSTRACT

The UPPS model of impulsivity has recently been proposed, has been widely applied to substance abuse and is one of those recommended in the context of Research Domain Criteria, RDoC. However, its application to the abuse of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been very limited. In the present work, a sample of n = 748 (67% females) was recruited through the Internet, and the reduced version of the UPPS-P was administered, in addition to the MULTICAGE-TIC and the Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI-20). The psychometric properties of UPPS-P were satisfactory in terms of internal consistency (0.87 > ω > 0.75) and structural validity. Impulsivity measured by UPPS-P correlated with all MULTICAGE-TIC scales, although with a very small effect size, and with greater magnitude with prefrontal dysfunction symptoms. The impulsivity dimension most related to ICT abuse was Urgency (0.3 > r > 0.2). A structural analysis of all the variables was carried out, with impulsivity appearing as a product of the prefrontal malfunction that predicted, through Positive Urgency, the abuse of ICTs. Impulsivity does not seem to be the central nucleus of ICT abuse, but rather failures in the superior control of behavior, of which impulsivity would be a consequence, but not the most important. This makes it advisable to design cognitive rehabilitation interventions that improve the functioning of superior behavior control mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of ICT abuse.


El modelo UPPS de impulsividad se ha propuesto recientemente, ha sido ampliamente aplicado al abuso de sustancias y es uno de los recomendados en el contexto de investigación Research Domain Criteria, RDoC. Sin embargo, su aplicación al abuso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) ha sido muy limitado. En el presente trabajo se reclutó a través de Internet una muestra de n = 748 (67% mujeres) y se administró la versión reducida de la UPPS-P, además del MULTICAGE-TIC y el Inventario de Síntomas Prefrontales (ISP-20). Las propiedades psicométricas de la UPPS-P resultaron satisfactorias en consistencia interna (0,87 > ω >0,75) y validez estructural. La impulsividad medida por la UPPS-P correlacionó con todas las escalas del MULTICAGE-TIC, aunque con un tamaño del efecto muy pequeño, y con mayor magnitud con las de síntomas de mal funcionamiento prefrontal. Las dimensiones de impulsividad más relacionadas con el abuso de las TIC fueron las de Urgencia (0,3 > r > 0,2). Se realizó un análisis estructural de todas las variables apareciendo la impulsividad como un producto del mal funcionamiento prefrontal que predecía, a través de la Urgencia Positiva, el abuso de las TIC. La impulsividad no parece ser el núcleo central del abuso de las TIC, sino los fallos en el control superior de la conducta, de los que la impulsividad sería una consecuencia, pero no la más importante. Ello hace recomendable el diseño de intervenciones de rehabilitación cognitiva que mejoren el funcionamiento de los mecanismos de control superior de la conducta en la prevención y tratamiento del abuso de las TIC.


Subject(s)
Impulsive Behavior , Substance-Related Disorders , Communication , Female , Humans , Information Technology , Male , Psychometrics
6.
Adicciones (Palma de Mallorca) ; 34(3): 1-11, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English, Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-206329

ABSTRACT

El modelo UPPS de impulsividad se ha propuesto recientemente, hasido ampliamente aplicado al abuso de sustancias y es uno de los recomendados en el contexto de investigación Research Domain Criteria,RDoC. Sin embargo, su aplicación al abuso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) ha sido muy limitado. En el presentetrabajo se reclutó a través de Internet una muestra de n=748 (67%mujeres) y se administró la versión reducida de la UPPS-P, además delMULTICAGE-TIC y el Inventario de Síntomas Prefrontales (ISP-20).Las propiedades psicométricas de la UPPS-P resultaron satisfactoriasen consistencia interna (0,87>ω>0,75) y validez estructural. La impulsividad medida por la UPPS-P correlacionó con todas las escalas delMULTICAGE-TIC, aunque con un tamaño del efecto muy pequeño,y con mayor magnitud con las de síntomas de mal funcionamientoprefrontal. Las dimensiones de impulsividad más relacionadas con elabuso de las TIC fueron las de Urgencia (0,3>r>0,2). Se realizó unanálisis estructural de todas las variables apareciendo la impulsividadcomo un producto del mal funcionamiento prefrontal que predecía,a través de la Urgencia Positiva, el abuso de las TIC. La impulsividadno parece ser el núcleo central del abuso de las TIC, sino los fallos enel control superior de la conducta, de los que la impulsividad seríauna consecuencia, pero no la más importante. Ello hace recomendable el diseño de intervenciones de rehabilitación cognitiva que mejoren el funcionamiento de los mecanismos de control superior de laconducta en la prevención y tratamiento del abuso de las TIC. (AU)


The UPPS model of impulsivity has recently been proposed, has beenwidely applied to substance abuse and is one of those recommendedin the context of Research Domain Criteria, RDoC. However, its application to the abuse of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been very limited. In the present work, a sample ofn=748 (67% females) was recruited through the Internet, and thereduced version of the UPPS-P was administered, in addition to theMULTICAGE-TIC and the Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI-20).The psychometric properties of UPPS-P were satisfactory in terms ofinternal consistency (0.87 > ω > 0.75) and structural validity. Impulsivity measured by UPPS-P correlated with all MULTICAGE-TIC scales,although with a very small effect size, and with greater magnitudewith prefrontal dysfunction symptoms. The impulsivity dimensionmost related to ICT abuse was Urgency (0.3 > r > 0.2). A structuralanalysis of all the variables was carried out, with impulsivity appearingas a product of the prefrontal malfunction that predicted, throughPositive Urgency, the abuse of ICTs. Impulsivity does not seem to bethe central nucleus of ICT abuse, but rather failures in the superiorcontrol of behavior, of which impulsivity would be a consequence, butnot the most important. This makes it advisable to design cognitiverehabilitation interventions that improve the functioning of superiorbehavior control mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of ICTabuse. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Substance Abuse Detection/methods , Substance Abuse Detection/trends , Information Technology/trends , Addiction Medicine/trends , Addiction Medicine/methods
7.
PLoS One ; 16(5): e0251796, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33999936

ABSTRACT

The progressive aging of the population represents a challenge for society. In particular, a strong increase in the number of people over 90 is expected in the next two decades. As this phenomenon will lead to an increase in illness and age-related dependency, the study of long-lived people represents an opportunity to explore which lifestyle factors are associated with healthy aging and which with the emergence of age-related diseases, especially Alzheimer's type dementia. The project "Factors associated with healthy and pathologically aging in a sample of elderly people over 90 in the city of Madrid" (MADRID+90) brings together a multidisciplinary research team in neurodegenerative diseases that includes experts in epidemiology, neurology, neuropsychology, neuroimaging and computational neuroscience. In the first phase of the project, a stratified random sampling was carried out according to the census of the city of Madrid followed by a survey conducted on 191 people aged 90 and over. This survey gathered information on demographics, clinical data, lifestyles and cognitive status. Here, the main results of that survey are showed. The second phase of the project aims to characterize individual trajectories in the course of either healthy and pathological aging, from a group of 50 subjects over 90 who will undergo a comprehensive clinical examination comprised of neurological and cognitive testing, MRI and EEG. The ultimate goal of the project is to characterize the biophysical and clinical profiles of a population that tends to receive little attention in the literature. A better understanding of the rapidly increasing group of nonagenarians will also help to design new policies that minimize the impact and future social and economic consequences of rapidly aging societies.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Electroencephalography , Health Status , Longevity , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Aged, 80 and over , Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Preliminary Data
8.
Front Psychol ; 12: 647682, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33889117

ABSTRACT

The compulsive habit model proposed by Everitt and Robbins has accumulated important empirical evidence. One of their proposals is the existence of an axis, on which each a person with a particular addiction can be located depending on the evolutionary moment of his/her addictive process. The objective of the present study is to contribute in addressing the identification of such axis, as few studies related to it have been published to date. To do so, the use/abuse of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) was quantified on an initial sample of 807 subjects. Questionnaires were also delivered to measure impulsivity, compulsivity and symptoms of prefrontal dysfunction. Evidence of the existence of the proposed axis was obtained by means of Machine Learning techniques, thus allowing the classification of each subject along the continuum. The present study provides preliminary evidence of the existence of the Impulsivity-Compulsivity axis, as well as an IT tool so that each patient that starts getting treatment for an addiction can be statistically classified as "impulsive" or "compulsive." This would allow the matching of each person with the most appropriate treatment depending on his/her moment in the addiction/abuse process, thus facilitating the individualized design of each therapeutic process and a possible improvement of the results of the treatment.

9.
Am J Occup Ther ; 75(2): 7502205080p1-7502205080p11, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33657350

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Assessing people's executive function (EF) during addiction treatment makes it possible to design individualized occupational goals. OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT) in the occupational assessment of people being treated for substance addiction. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study to determine the EFPT's internal consistency as well as its convergent and discriminant validity with complementary tests. SETTING: A public, free addiction treatment center operated by Madrid Salud (Madrid City Council, Spain). PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two people referred to an occupational therapy department for evaluation and intervention. Inclusion was based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision) criteria for substance abuse or dependence; the exclusion criterion consisted of any circumstances that made it difficult for a person to understand or perform the test. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The EFPT, other occupational tests (Allen Cognitive Level Screen-5, Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment), and a battery of neuropsychological EF tests. RESULTS: The EFPT had an unequivocal unifactorial structure and showed strong correlations between its components and adequate consistency with the scales and the complete test. As expected, the EFPT correlated with the neuropsychological tests with a considerable effect size (-.40 < r < -.60). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The EFPT's psychometric properties are adequate to assess the EF of people being treated for substance addiction from an occupational perspective using real activities of daily living (ADLs). WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS: The results show that the EFPT can be used to assess performance of ADLs without needing to use tests from disciplines other than occupational therapy. Further studies in different sociocultural settings are needed to generalize the results.


Subject(s)
Executive Function , Substance-Related Disorders , Activities of Daily Living , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Spain
10.
Adicciones ; 33(2): 149-160, 2021 Mar 31.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32100039

ABSTRACT

Compulsiveness has been considered one of the core characteristics of addictive behaviours. One of the abusive behaviours that has acquired importance in recent times involves the use of mobile phones. The aim of this study is to obtain a version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Drug-Use Scale (OCDUS) to study the compulsivity associated with mobile phone abuse, its basic psychometric properties and the results of its application. The OCDUS-ICT was created and administered over the Internet, through instant messaging programs, social networks and e-mail, and anonymous and voluntary participation was requested. Additionally, MULTICAGE-ICT and the Inventory of Prefrontal Symptoms were administered. A sample of n=748 subjects, 33% males and 94% born and resident in Spain was obtained. The test obtained adequate values of internal consistency, applying different estimators. Confirmatory factor analysis of the theoretical scales yielded adequate fit indices. Obsessive-compulsive components were observed to become stronger as mobile phone use increased and approached abuse levels. OCDUS-ICT scales showed large correlations with prefrontal malfunction symptoms, especially Thoughts-Interference (r>0.80). In conclusion, OCDUS-ICT explores with psychometric accuracy the obsessive-compulsive components of mobile use/abuse, which are closely related to malfunctions in daily life attributable to the prefrontal cortex. If impulsivity has so far been the focus in the study of mobile phone abuse, the data from the present study suggest that greater attention should be paid to compulsivity as a factor in maintaining abuse.


La compulsividad ha sido considerada una de las características nucleares de las conductas adictivas. Uno de los comportamientos abusivos que ha adquirido importancia en tiempos recientes es el uso del teléfono móvil. El objetivo del presente trabajo es obtener una versión de la Escala de Uso Obsesivo-Compulsivo de Drogas (OCDUS) para estudiar la compulsividad asociada al abuso del móvil, conocer sus propiedades psicométricas básicas y resultados de su aplicación. Se creó y administró el OCDUS-TIC por Internet, mediante mensajería instantánea, redes sociales y correo electrónico, solicitándose la participación anónima y voluntaria. Adicionalmente se administraron el MULTICAGE-TIC y el Inventario de Síntomas Prefrontales (ISP). Se obtuvo una muestra de n=748 sujetos, 33% varones y 94% nacidos y residentes en España. El test obtuvo adecuados valores de consistencia interna, aplicando diferentes estimadores. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio sobre las escalas teóricas, alcanzando adecuados estimadores de ajuste. Se observó que los componentes obsesivo-compulsivos son de mayor magnitud a medida que se incrementa la implicación en el uso y su progresión al abuso del móvil. Las escalas del OCDUS-TIC mostraron correlaciones de gran magnitud con los síntomas de mal funcionamiento prefrontal, especialmente la de Pensamiento-Interferencia (r>0,80). En conclusión, el OCDUS-TIC explora con garantías psicométricas los componentes obsesivo-compulsivos del uso/abuso del móvil, que se relacionan estrechamente con fallos cotidianos de origen prefrontal. Si la impulsividad ha centrado el interés en el estudio del abuso del móvil, los datos del presente estudio aconsejan prestar mayor atención a la compulsividad como factor de mantenimiento del abuso.


Subject(s)
Behavior, Addictive , Cell Phone Use , Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis , Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Obsessive Behavior , Psychometrics
11.
Adicciones ; 33(3): 235-244, 2021 Jul 01.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32100043

ABSTRACT

The use of opiate analgesics has led to a health and social emergency in the United States. In Spain, according to official data, the prescription of these drugs has risen dramatically in the last decade. This study explores the prevalence of the use of these drugs and the health and socio-demographic characteristics of their consumers in the city of Madrid. A telephone survey was carried on a stratified, randomised sample, asking about the use of these drugs and whether or not they were medically prescribed. The sample consisted of n=8,845 subjects aged between 15 and 98 years. Sixteen percent stated that they had used these drugs in the last year and 9.1% had taken them in the last two weeks. Consumption was more frequent among women, lower social class and lower level of education. Among the youngest group (15-29 years old) 12.5% had already used it. Those who use opioids report worse perceived health, lower quality of life, more mental health problems, more loneliness, more use of other psychoactive drugs, more frequent daily use of tobacco and less problematic consumption of alcohol. Ten percent of those who use them do so without a doctor's prescription. Combining these data with the prescription data offered by the Ministry of Health, it is necessary to pay attention to a problem that may become apparent in the coming years, and the adoption of urgent measures to tackle it before it brings the Spanish situation closer to that already well known in countries of our socio-political environment is advised.


El consumo de analgésicos opiáceos ha provocado una situación de emergencia sanitaria y social en Estados Unidos. En España, según datos oficiales, la prescripción de estos fármacos ha experimentado un espectacular ascenso en la última década. Este estudio explora la prevalencia del uso de estos fármacos y las características sanitarias y sociodemográficas de sus consumidores en la ciudad de Madrid. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica aplicando un muestreo estratificado y aleatorizado, en la que se preguntó por el uso de estos fármacos y si fueron médicamente prescritos o no. La muestra estuvo compuesta por n= 8.845 sujetos de edades entre 15 y 98 años. Un 16,0% declara haber usado estos fármacos en el último año y un 9,1 los toma en las dos últimas semanas. El consumo es más frecuente en mujeres, clase social baja y menor nivel de estudios. El grupo más joven (15-29 años) ya lo usa en el 12,5%. Quienes usan opioides refieren peor salud percibida, menor calidad de vida, más problemas de salud mental, más soledad no deseada, más uso de otros psicofármacos, más frecuente uso diario de tabaco y menos consumo problemático de alcohol. Un 10% de quienes los usan lo hacen sin prescripción médica. Combinando estos datos con los de prescripción ofrecidos por el Ministerio de Sanidad, resulta necesario prestar atención a un problema que puede hacerse patente en los próximos años, aconsejando la adopción de medidas urgentes para atajarlo antes de que aproxime la situación española a la ya bien conocida en otros países.


Subject(s)
Opiate Alkaloids , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Substance-Related Disorders , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analgesics, Opioid , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Quality of Life , United States , Young Adult
12.
Adicciones (Palma de Mallorca) ; 33(2): 149-160, 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-201924

ABSTRACT

La compulsividad ha sido considerada una de las características nucleares de las conductas adictivas. Uno de los comportamientos abusivos que ha adquirido importancia en tiempos recientes es el uso del teléfono móvil. El objetivo del presente trabajo es obtener una versión de la Escala de Uso Obsesivo-Compulsivo de Drogas (OCDUS) para estudiar la compulsividad asociada al abuso del móvil, conocer sus propiedades psicométricas básicas y resultados de su aplicación. Se creó y administró el OCDUS-TIC por Internet, mediante mensajería instantánea, redes sociales y correo electrónico, solicitándose la participación anónima y voluntaria. Adicionalmente se administraron el MULTICAGE-TIC y el Inventario de Síntomas Prefrontales (ISP). Se obtuvo una muestra de n=748 sujetos, 33% varones y 94% nacidos y residentes en España. El test obtuvo adecuados valores de consistencia interna, aplicando diferentes estimadores. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio sobre las escalas teóricas, alcanzando adecuados estimadores de ajuste. Se observó que los componentes obsesivo-compulsivos son de mayor magnitud a medida que se incrementa la implicación en el uso y su progresión al abuso del móvil. Las escalas del OCDUS-TIC mostraron correlaciones de gran magnitud con los síntomas de mal funcionamiento prefrontal, especialmente la de Pensamiento-Interferencia (r > 0,80). En conclusión, el OCDUS-TIC explora con garantías psicométricas los componentes obsesivo-compulsivos del uso/abuso del móvil, que se relacionan estrechamente con fallos cotidianos de origen prefrontal. Si la impulsividad ha centrado el interés en el estudio del abuso del móvil, los datos del presente estudio aconsejan prestar mayor atención a la compulsividad como factor de mantenimiento del abuso


Compulsiveness has been considered one of the core characteristics of addictive behaviours. One of the abusive behaviours that has acquired importance in recent times involves the use of mobile phones. The aim of this study is to obtain a version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Drug-Use Scale (OCDUS) to study the compulsivity associated with mobile phone abuse, its basic psychometric properties and the results of its application. The OCDUS-ICT was created and administered over the Internet, through instant messaging programs, social networks and e-mail, and anonymous and voluntary participation was requested. Additionally, MULTICAGE-ICT and the Inventory of Prefrontal Symptoms were administered. A sample of n=748 subjects, 33% males and 94% born and resident in Spain was obtained. The test obtained adequate values of internal consistency, applying different estimators. Confirmatory factor analysis of the theoretical scales yielded adequate fit indices. Obsessive-compulsive components were observed to become stronger as mobile phone use increased and approached abuse levels. OCDUS-ICT scales showed large correlations with prefrontal malfunction symptoms, especially Thoughts-Interference (r>0.80). In conclusion, OCDUS-ICT explores with psychometric accuracy the obsessive-compulsive components of mobile use/abuse, which are closely related to malfunctions in daily life attributable to the prefrontal cortex. If impulsivity has so far been the focus in the study of mobile phone abuse, the data from the present study suggest that greater attention should be paid to compulsivity as a factor in maintaining abuse


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Impulsive Behavior , Behavior Rating Scale/standards , Self Report/standards , Cell Phone Use/adverse effects , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Prefrontal Cortex , Smartphone , Psychometrics , Spain
13.
Psicol. conduct ; 29(2): 399-415, 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-225325

ABSTRACT

El modelo de formación de hábitos de la adicción implica la transición desde una fase inicial en la que la corteza prefrontal deja de controlar el comportamiento, a una fase en la que el control se transfiere al estriado dorsal, pasando al consumo compulsivo. Este modelo ampliamente apoyado por la evidencia empírica, implica que cada sujeto se encuentra en un determinado punto del continuo de impulsividad-compulsividad. Mediante dos cuestionarios recomendados en el marco del Proyecto de criterios de dominio de investigación (RDoC), que miden la impulsividad y la compulsividad, se ratificar la existencia de ese eje bipolar, aplicado al abuso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC). Los resultados de este estudio encuentran apoyo empírico para la existencia de este eje. El abuso de las TIC parece tener muchos más componentes compulsivos que impulsivos, excepto en el caso de los videojuegos, poco relacionados con ambos conceptos. Estos resultados tienen importantes implicaciones clínicas, en la medida en que existen enfoques terapéuticos muy diferentes para la impulsividad que para la conducta compulsiva (AU)


The habit formation model to explain addiction involves the transition from an initial phase in which the prefrontal cortex ceases to control the behavior, to a phase in which control is transferred to the dorsal striatum, progressing towards compulsive consumption. This model, widely supported by empirical evidence, implies that each subject is at a certain point in the impulsivity-compulsivity continuum. Using two questionnaires recommended within the framework of the Research Domain Criteria Project which measure impulsivity and compulsivity, an attempt was made to confirm the existence of such a bipolar axis, applied to the abuse of information and communication technologies (ICT). The results of this study provide empirical support for the existence of this axis. The abuse of ICT seems to have many more compulsive components than impulsive ones, except in the case of video games, which are little related to both concepts. These results have important clinical implications, since there are very different therapeutic approaches for impulsivity and compulsive behavior (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Compulsive Behavior , Impulsive Behavior , Behavior, Addictive , Information Technology , Socioeconomic Factors
14.
Adicciones (Palma de Mallorca) ; 33(3): 235-244, 2021. graf, tab
Article in English, Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-208069

ABSTRACT

El consumo de analgésicos opiáceos ha provocado una situación deemergencia sanitaria y social en Estados Unidos. En España, segúndatos oficiales, la prescripción de estos fármacos ha experimentadoun espectacular ascenso en la última década. Este estudio explora laprevalencia del uso de estos fármacos y las características sanitarias ysociodemográficas de sus consumidores en la ciudad de Madrid. Serealizó una encuesta telefónica aplicando un muestreo estratificadoy aleatorizado, en la que se preguntó por el uso de estos fármacos ysi fueron médicamente prescritos o no. La muestra estuvo compuestapor n= 8.845 sujetos de edades entre 15 y 98 años. Un 16,0% declara haber usado estos fármacos en el último año y un 9,1 los tomaen las dos últimas semanas. El consumo es más frecuente en mujeres, clase social baja y menor nivel de estudios. El grupo más joven(15-29 años) ya lo usa en el 12,5%. Quienes usan opioides refierenpeor salud percibida, menor calidad de vida, más problemas de saludmental, más soledad no deseada, más uso de otros psicofármacos, másfrecuente uso diario de tabaco y menos consumo problemático dealcohol. Un 10% de quienes los usan lo hacen sin prescripción médica. Combinando estos datos con los de prescripción ofrecidos por elMinisterio de Sanidad, resulta necesario prestar atención a un problema que puede hacerse patente en los próximos años, aconsejando laadopción de medidas urgentes para atajarlo antes de que aproxime lasituación española a la ya bien conocida en otros países. (AU)


The use of opiate analgesics has led to a health and social emergencyin the United States. In Spain, according to official data, the prescription of these drugs has risen dramatically in the last decade. This studyexplores the prevalence of the use of these drugs and the health andsocio-demographic characteristics of their consumers in the city ofMadrid. A telephone survey was carried on a stratified, randomisedsample, asking about the use of these drugs and whether or not theywere medically prescribed. The sample consisted of n=8,845 subjectsaged between 15 and 98 years. Sixteen percent stated that they hadused these drugs in the last year and 9.1% had taken them in the lasttwo weeks. Consumption was more frequent among women, lower social class and lower level of education. Among the youngest group (15-29 years old) 12.5% had already used it. Those who use opioids reportworse perceived health, lower quality of life, more mental health problems, more loneliness, more use of other psychoactive drugs, morefrequent daily use of tobacco and less problematic consumption ofalcohol. Ten percent of those who use them do so without a doctor’sprescription. Combining these data with the prescription data offeredby the Ministry of Health, it is necessary to pay attention to a problem that may become apparent in the coming years, and the adoptionof urgent measures to tackle it before it brings the Spanish situationcloser to that already well known in countries of our socio-politicalenvironment is advised (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Opiate Alkaloids/administration & dosage , Opiate Alkaloids/pharmacology , Opioid-Related Disorders/prevention & control , Surveys and Questionnaires , Spain , Mental Health , Psychopharmacology/trends
15.
An. psicol ; 36(2): 247-253, mayo 2020. tab
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-192061

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The GHQ-12 is one of the most widely used questionnaires in the adult population, but there are not as many studies exploring its applicability in adolescents. The main problem is the diversity of results on its factorial structure, as different studies have shown one, two or three dimensions. The purpose of this study was to explore the GHQ-12 factorial structure for adolescents. METHOD: An observational multicenter cross-sectional descriptive study was designed for schools in the city of Madrid. A random sample of n = 2,171, 14-16-year-olds was stratified by the school's development level and funding (public, private or mixed). Unrestricted factor analysis was applied based on the polychoric or tetrachoric correlations matrix (depending on the test scoring method). RESULTS: The optimized parallel analysis provided an unequivocal one-factor structure, confirmed by unidimensionality assessment. Around 30% of male and 42% of female adolescents were found to be at risk of developing mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS: The GHQ-12 is a one-dimensional test for screening psychological distress, with excellent psychometric properties for its application in an adolescent population. The use of adequate statistical methods can overcome old controversies and promote proper application and interpretation of the results provided by the test


OBJETIVO: El General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) es de los cuestionarios más utilizados en la población adulta, pero hay pocos estudios que exploren su aplicabilidad en adolescentes. El principal problema es la diversidad de resultados en su estructura factorial, ya que diferentes estudios han encontrado una, dos o tres dimensiones. El propósito de este estudio fue explorar la estructura factorial del GHQ-12 en adolescentes. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo observacional multicéntrico transversal para centros educativos de la ciudad de Madrid. Se estratificó una muestra aleatoria de n = 2171 jóvenes de 14-16 años según el nivel de desarrollo y financiación de la escuela (pública, privada o mixta). Se aplicó un análisis factorial sin restricciones basado en la matriz de correlaciones policóricas o tetracóricas (dependiendo del método de puntuación de la prueba). RESULTADOS: El análisis paralelo optimizado proporcionó una estructura inequívocamente unifactorial. El 30% de los varones y el 42% de las adolescentes presentaban riesgo de mala salud mental. CONCLUSIONES: El GHQ-12 es un test uni-dimensional para el cribado del riesgo de mala salud mental, con excelentes propiedades psicométricas para su aplicación en población adolescente. El uso de métodos estadísticos adecuados puede superar viejas controversias y promover la correcta interpretación de los resultados de la prueba


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Mental Health/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Adolescent/statistics & numerical data , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Cross-Sectional Studies , Early Diagnosis
16.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 69(12): 481-491, 16 dic., 2019. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-187117

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Las quejas subjetivas de memoria (QSM) se consideran predictoras del deterioro cognitivo, pero se asocian también a otros factores; los sociales y los hábitos de vida han sido los menos estudiados. Objetivo: Valorar las QSM y su asociación con variables epidemiológicas, de salud, sociales y hábitos de vida. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio epidemiológico trasversal de la población de Madrid elegida aleatoriamente según censo. Entrevista telefónica. Población diana: 1.775 mayores de 55 años. Se preguntó sobre QSM, aspectos sociales, económicos, de salud y hábitos de vida. Se administraron el cuestionario de salud general de Goldberg (GHQ) y el cuestionario de calidad de vida COOP-Wonca. Resultados: Encontramos asociación estadísticamente significativa de las QSM con la edad, la orientación temporal, todas las variables relacionadas con la salud mental (depresión), la ansiedad, el sueño, la salud mental/GHQ y la calidad de vida. Se halló asociación con todas las variables que miden el dolor y con sentir soledad. No hubo asociación con enfermedades específicas, excepto con la alergia crónica y las ligadas al dolor. Los predictores de las QSM fueron la orientación temporal, la multimorbilidad, la salud mental/GHQ, la ansiedad, el dolor y el sentir soledad. Conclusiones: Las QSM son un síntoma con múltiples causas. Se asocian a menor rendimiento de la memoria, pero también a variables relacionadas con la salud, los aspectos sociales y el tipo de vida. Ante un paciente con QSM, que pueden deberse al deterioro cognitivo por enfermedad de Alzheimer, deben considerarse estas asociaciones para valorar dicho riesgo y saber cuándo es más necesario un seguimiento


Introduction: Subjective memory complaints (SMC) are considered predictor of cognitive impairment, but are also associated with other factors; social and lifestyle have been the least studied. Aim: To evaluate SMC and their association with epidemiological, health, social and lifestyle variables. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional epidemiological study of the randomly selected population of Madrid. Telephone interview. Target population: 1,775 over 55 years of age. We asked about QSM, social, economic, health and lifestyle aspects. The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the COOP-Wonca Quality of Life Questionnaire were administered. Results: We found statistically significant association of SMC with age, temporal orientation, all variables related to mental health (depression), anxiety, sleep, mental health/GHQ, and quality of life. Association was found with all pain variables and with loneliness. There was no association with specific diseases, except chronic allergy and those linked to pain. The predictors of the SMC were temporal orientation, multimorbidity, mental health/GHQ, anxiety, pain and feeling lonely. Conclusions: SMC is a multi-caused symptom. They are associated with lower memory performance, but also with variables related to health, social aspects and lifestyle. When faced with a patient with SMC, which may be due to cognitive impairment because of Alzheimer’s disease, these associations should be taken into account to assess this risk and know when follow-up is most needed


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Memory/physiology , Memory Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Health , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Loneliness/psychology , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Spain/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Analysis of Variance
17.
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw ; 22(9): 597-603, 2019 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31464519

ABSTRACT

Smartphone abuse and the associated consequences have been intensely studied. However, little attention has been given to the group of people who have a smartphone and yet barely use it. One might think that they are at the opposite end of abuse, both behaviorally and in relation to the consequences. This study aims to establish sociodemographic variables and health indicators for smartphone nonusers. A population survey through random stratified sampling in a large city (Madrid, Spain) obtained 6,820 people between 15 and 65 years who own a smartphone. About 7.5 percent (n = 511) stated they do not use their smartphone regularly. This group comprised more of men than of women with a higher mean age, underprivileged social class, residence in less-developed districts, and a lower education level. They showed worse mental health indicators, lower perceived quality of life relating to their health, more sedentarism, and greater tendency toward being overweight/obese and a higher feeling of loneliness. When looking at all these variables together, the regression model showed that in addition to sex, age, social class, and education level, the only significantly associated health indicator was a feeling of loneliness. Mobile phone abuse is associated with health problems, but nonregular use does not reflect the opposite. It is important to study the group of nonusers and explore the reasons and related consequences, particularly the role of perceived loneliness, which is paradoxical as a smartphone is a tool that can foster interpersonal contact.


Subject(s)
Mental Health/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life , Smartphone/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Loneliness , Male , Middle Aged , Socioeconomic Factors , Spain/epidemiology , Young Adult
18.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 68(11): 459-467, 1 jun., 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-180791

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El inventario de síntomas prefrontales abreviado (ISP-20) es un cuestionario que investiga síntomas de mal funcionamiento prefrontal en la vida diaria. Ha mostrado buenas propiedades psicométricas y se ha aplicado en población general y muestras clínicas de España y otros países de habla hispana. Objetivo. Normalizar y estandarizar el ISP-20 en una muestra amplia de sujetos de todas las edades en población española. Sujetos y métodos. Se administró el ISP-20 a 4.704 sujetos: una muestra de 2.474 sujetos de población general española, mayores de edad, y otra de 2.230 menores de edad escolarizados (15-17 años), representativa de la población de Madrid. Resultados. Se observó el efecto de interacción del sexo, la edad y el nivel educativo sobre las puntuaciones, aunque el nivel de estudios presenta un efecto bajo. Los adolescentes, como era de esperar por encontrarse en pleno proceso madurativo, obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en todas las subescalas y el cuestionario en su conjunto. Las mujeres puntuaron significativamente más en síntomas de mal control emocional, y los varones lo hicieron más en síntomas de mal control de la conducta social. Se configuraron tablas diferenciadas por sexo y para menores y mayores de edad. Conclusión. Los datos presentados permiten interpretar las puntuaciones obtenidas en el ISP-20 en población española, incluyendo los menores de edad y los adultos


Introduction. The short Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI-20) is a questionnaire that investigates symptoms of prefrontal malfunctioning in daily life. It has been shown to have good psychometric properties and has been applied in the general population and clinical samples from Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. Aims. To normalise and standardise the PSI-20 in a broad sample of subjects of all ages in a Spanish population. Subjects and methods. The PSI-20 was administered to 4704 subjects: in one sample made up of 2474 subjects from the Spanish general population, over 18 years of age, and in another consisting of 2230 school-age subjects (15-17 years old), representative of the population of Madrid. Results. The effect of the interaction of sex, age and level of education on the scores was observed, although the effect of level of education was low. As expected, the adolescents, still undergoing their process of maturation, obtained higher scores on all the subscales and the questionnaire as a whole. Females scored significantly higher on symptoms of poor emotional control, and males achieved higher scores on symptoms of poor control over social behaviour. Tables were developed differentiated by sex and for those above and below 18 years of age. Conclusion. The data presented allow us to interpret the scores obtained in the PSI-20 in the Spanish population, including subjects under 18 and adults


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Social Behavior , Social Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition/physiology , Spain , Psychometrics , Reference Values , Educational Status
19.
An. psicol ; 35(1): 41-46, ene. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-181022

ABSTRACT

Addictive behaviors are not limited to drugs use, but also include certain daily behaviors that can cause gratification. Their progression to more severe pathological patterns entails grave consequences for the individual, including multiple psychopathological manifestations. The early detection of this type of behavior is of concern to primary health care. Therefore, in order to detect risk at early stages, reliable and valid tools for daily practice are essential. The MULTICAGE CAD-4 questionnaire is a screening tool for simultaneously detecting addictive behaviors. This study includes a new scale for the detection of smartphone abuse. The objective is to evaluate the adequacy of its psychometric properties. A sample of 2,074 subjects that were recruited from primary care centers ofMadrid(Spain) completed the MULTICAGE CAD-4 questionnaire. A confirmatory factor analysis, using unweighted least squares method, was performed. The test showed good internal consistency both at item and scale levels. The questionnaire structure was consistent with theoretical expectations. The MULTICAGE CAD-4, including the new smartphone scale, is a robust, reliable tool with a valid structure for assessing the presence of dysfunctional or potentially addictive behaviors, and especially useful in primary health care services


Los comportamientos adictivos no se limitan al uso de drogas, sino que también incluyen ciertos comportamientos diarios que pueden causar gratificación. Su progresión a patrones patológicos más severos conlleva graves consecuencias para el individuo, incluidas múltiples manifestaciones psicopatológicas. La detección temprana de este tipo de comportamiento es de interés para la atención primaria de salud. Por lo tanto, para detectar riesgos en etapas tempranas, las herramientas confiables y válidas para la práctica diaria son esenciales. El cuestionario MULTICAGE CAD-4 es una herramienta de detección para detectar simultáneamente conductas adictivas. Este estudio incluye una nueva escala para la detección del abuso de teléfonos inteligentes. El objetivo es evaluar la adecuación de sus propiedades psicométricas. Una muestra de 2.074 sujetos reclutados en centros de atención primaria de Madrid (España) completó el cuestionario MULTICAGE CAD-4. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, utilizando el método de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados. La prueba mostró una buena consistencia interna tanto a nivel del ítem como de las escalas. La estructura del cuestionario fue consistente con las expectativas teóricas. El MULTICAGE CAD-4, incluida la nueva escala para teléfonos inteligentes, es una herramienta robusta y confiable con una estructura válida para evaluar la presencia de comportamientos disfuncionales o potencialmente adictivos, y especialmente útil en servicios de atención primaria de salud


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Middle Aged , Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology , Behavior, Addictive/psychology , Psychometrics/methods , Smartphone/trends , Primary Health Care , Surveys and Questionnaires , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Cross-Sectional Studies , Data Analysis , Middle Aged
20.
Psicol. conduct ; 27(2): 257-273, 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-186604

ABSTRACT

El abuso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) puede estar relacionado con un mal funcionamiento de la corteza prefrontal. La perdida de control sobre la conducta de uso de estas tecnologías puede reflejarse en fallos en actividades cotidianas. Los adolescentes configuran una población especialmente vulnerable, al encontrarse en una fase crítica del desarrollo cerebral. Se diseñó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal multicentrico en centros educativos públicos, concertados y privados de la ciudad de Madrid, obteniéndose una muestra representativa (n= 2.341) de la población escolarizada en el ultimo ano de educación secundaria obligatoria, estratificando por nivel de desarrollo del distrito y financiación del centro educativo. La prevalencia observada para el uso problemático de las TIC oscila entre el 18,2% para videojuegos y el 36,5% para Internet. Se observa una relación lineal entre el abuso de las TIC y síntomas cotidianos de mal funcionamiento prefrontal. Sin que pueda determinarse si la disfunción prefrontal es causa o consecuencia del abuso de las TIC, los datos sugieren que está estrechamente vinculada a la perdida de control comportamental


Abuse of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can be linked to a malfunction of the prefrontal cortex. Loss of control over the use behavior of these technologies can be reflected in failures in everyday activities. Adolescents make up a particularly vulnerable population, as they are in a critical hase of brain development. A descriptive observational multicenter cross-sectional study was designed in public, subsidized and private schools in the city of Madrid, obtaining a representative sample (n= 2,341) of the population enrolled in the last year of obligatory secondary education, stratified by level of district development and school financing. The prevalence observed for the problematic use of ICT ranges from 18.2% for video games to 36.5% for the Internet. There is a linear relationship between ICT abuse and daily symptoms of prefrontal malfunction. Although it was not possible to determine whether prefrontal dysfunction is a cause or consequence of ICT abuse, the data suggest that it is closely linked to a loss of behavioral control


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Information Technology , Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology , Adolescent Behavior , Activities of Daily Living , Cross-Sectional Studies , Sex Factors
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