Cochlin Deficiency Protects Aged Mice from Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.

Several studies have shown that type IV fibrocytes, located in the spiral ligament, degenerate first after noise exposure. Interestingly, this is the region where Coch expression is most abundant. As it is suggested that cochlin plays a role in our innate immune system, our goal is to investigate hearing thresholds and inner ear inflammation after noise exposure in Coch knockout (Coch-/-) mice compared to Coch wildtype (Coch+/+) mice. Animals were randomly allocated to a noise exposure group and a control group. Vestibular and auditory testing was performed at 48 h and one week after noise exposure. Whole mount staining and cryosectioning of the cochlea was performed in order to investigate hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, inner ear inflammation, Coch expression and fibrocyte degeneration. Hearing assessment revealed that Coch+/+ mice had significantly larger threshold shifts than Coch-/- mice after noise exposure. We were unable to identify any differences in hair cells, neurons, fibrocytes and influx of macrophages in the inner ear between both groups. Interestingly, Coch expression was significantly lower in the group exposed to noise. Our results indicate that the absence of Coch has a protective influence on hearing thresholds after noise exposure, but this is not related to reduced inner ear inflammation in the knockout.

Transduction Efficiency and Immunogenicity of Viral Vectors for Cochlear Gene Therapy: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Animal Studies.

Background: Hearing impairment is the most frequent sensory deficit, affecting 466 million people worldwide and has been listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the priority diseases for research into therapeutic interventions to address public health needs. Inner ear gene therapy is a promising approach to restore sensorineural hearing loss, for which several gene therapy applications have been studied and reported in preclinical animal studies. Objective: To perform a systematic review on preclinical studies reporting cochlear gene therapy, with a specific focus on transduction efficiency. Methods: An initial PubMed search was performed on April 1st 2021 using the PRISMA methodology. Preclinical in vivo studies reporting primary data regarding transduction efficiency of gene therapy targeting the inner ear were included in this report. Results: Thirty-six studies were included in this review. Transduction of various cell types in the inner ear can be achieved, according to the viral vector used. However, there is significant variability in the applied vector delivery systems, including promoter, viral vector titer, etc. Conclusion: Although gene therapy presents a promising approach to treat sensorineural hearing loss in preclinical studies, the heterogeneity of methodologies impedes the identification of the most promising tools for future use in inner ear therapies.

On the Role of Fibrocytes and the Extracellular Matrix in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Spiral Ligament.

The spiral ligament in the cochlea has been suggested to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of different etiologies of strial hearing loss. Spiral ligament fibrocytes (SLFs), the main cell type in the lateral wall, are crucial in maintaining the endocochlear potential and regulating blood flow. SLF dysfunction can therefore cause cochlear dysfunction and thus hearing impairment. Recent studies have highlighted the role of SLFs in the immune response of the cochlea. In contrast to sensory cells in the inner ear, SLFs (more specifically type III fibrocytes) have also demonstrated the ability to regenerate after different types of trauma such as drug toxicity and noise. SLFs are responsible for producing proteins, such as collagen and cochlin, that create an adequate extracellular matrix to thrive in. Any dysfunction of SLFs or structural changes to the extracellular matrix can significantly impact hearing function. However, SLFs may prove useful in restoring hearing by their potential to regenerate cells in the spiral ligament.