Congenital metastatic neuroblastoma with placental involvement as a rare cause of non-immune fetal hydrops.

Non-immune hydrops fetalis represents the end-stage status of a variety of diseases, including metastatic tumors. We report a case of non-immune hydrops fetalis associated with multiple disseminated echogenic nodular lesions detected by ultrasound and confirmed by magnetic resonance. Cordocentesis demonstrated anemia and thrombopenia. Differential diagnosis included histiocytosis X, acute leukemia or metastatic disease. A stillbirth was diagnosed at week 25 + 6. The autopsy revealed hydrops fetalis, a right adrenal gland mass, multiple disseminated nodules histologically composed of small round blue cells positive for synaptophysin, and placental involvement, concordant findings with congenital undifferentiated neuroblastoma Stage M. No chromosomal abnormalities were associated, nor amplification abnormalities in MYCN and ALK genes. Metastatic neuroblastoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-immune hydrops fetalis associated with multiple nodular lesions.

Recurrent and metastatic cellular cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma: A case report and literature review.

Cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma (FH) is considered a benign dermal tumor. The cellular variant is rare and poorly documented. Besides presenting a high risk of local recurrence, it has a low but serious metastatic potential. We present a case of metastatic cellular FH and also review the literature on this tumor, given its unusual metastatic development. A 47-year-old male patient presented with a lesion in the anterior surface of the right thigh, which has been present since adolescence but had grown during last year. Anatomopathological evaluation revealed a cellular FH, and the lesion was completely removed. Six months later, tumor recurrence with multiple compartment muscle involvement and pulmonary metastasis were detected. Both lesions were completely resected and after 3 years of follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic and free of the disease. We conclude that FH should be carefully sampled to detect variants with high local recurrence rates or with some metastatic risk such as the cellular one. We recommend wide surgical resection and a close follow-up including chest x-rays or thorax computed tomography (CT) in all cellular FH cases with local recurrence.

Soft Tissue Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in the Sartorius Muscle of a 13-Year-Old Boy Mimicking Myositis Ossificans: Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: A soft tissue aneurysmal bone cyst is an extremely rare tumor. The objective of the article is to present the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of a very unusual neoplasm of soft tissues. CASE REPORT: A 13-year-old male patient presented a painful, mobile, and rapidly growing mass on the posteromedial aspect of his left knee. Imaging studies revealed a mass that arose from the medial surface of the distal sartorius muscle, with extension to the subcutaneous fat tissue. It was a well-circumscribed solid tumor with a peripheral rim calcification on plain film, computerized tomography, and ultrasound (zonal phenomenon). On magnetic resonance imaging, a heterogenous mass on T1-weighted images (WI) and T2-WI was seen, with a peripheral hypointense rim in both sequences. An outstanding edema on T2-WI extending to the soft tissue and muscles of the medial compartment of the knee was detected. The mass was resected, and the "tumoral mimickers" histopathological and molecular (next-generation sequencing) diagnoses confirmed a soft tissue aneurysmal bone cyst. A follow-up showed that the patient was free of disease 12 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Soft tissue aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare tumor. Appropriate clinical and radiological correlation should be performed to differentiate it from other tumor mimickers.

Evaluation of Immune Infiltrates in Ovarian Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer: Relationship with Histological and Clinical Features.

BACKGROUND: the association between ovarian endometriosis (OE) and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) is extensively documented, and misfunction of the immune system might be involved. The primary objective of this study was to identify and compare the spatial distribution of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in OE and EAOC. Secondary objectives included the analysis of the relationship between immunosuppressive populations and T-cell exhaustion markers in both groups. METHODS: TILs (CD3, CD4, and CD8) and macrophages (CD163) were assessed by immunochemistry. Exhaustion markers (PD-1, TIM3, CD39, and FOXP3) and their relationship with tumour-associated macrophages (CD163) were assessed by immunofluorescence on paraffin-embedded samples from n = 43 OE and n = 54 EAOC patients. RESULTS: we observed a predominantly intraepithelial CD3+ distribution in OE but both an intraepithelial and stromal pattern in EAOC (p < 0.001). TILs were more abundant in OE (p < 0.001), but higher TILs significantly correlated with a longer overall survival and disease-free survival in EAOC (p < 0.05). CD39 and FOXP3 significantly correlated with each other and CD163 (p < 0.05) at the epithelial level in moderate/intense CD4 EAOC, whereas in moderate/intense CD8+, PD-1+ and TIM3+ significantly correlated (p = 0.009). Finally, T-cell exhaustion markers FOXP3-CD39 were decreased and PD-1-TIM3 were significantly increased in EAOC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the dysregulation of TILs, TAMs, and T-cell exhaustion might play a role in the malignization of OE to EAOC.

Cytopathological findings of intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma: Case report and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma (IPM) is an exceedingly rare benign mesenchymal tumor of the lymph nodes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are unspecific, which may present diagnostic challenges to fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The histological and immunohistochemical features of IPM are unique. CASE REPORT: A previously healthy 40-year-old male patient presented a slow-growing solitary left inguinal mass. FNAC revealed clustered cells within a metachromatic stroma, single spindle cells without atypia, hemosiderin pigment, and siderophages. An MRI showed a central hyperintense septum in fat-suppressed, T2-weighted sequences. The excised lymph node contained central haphazard fascicles of spindle cells with focal nuclear palisading, hemosiderin pigment, extravasated erythrocytes, and hemorrhagic areas. Vimentin and smooth muscle actin were diffusely positive. Amianthoid collagen fibers were not clearly observed. CONCLUSION: IPM is an extremely rare mesenchymal benign intranodal tumor that should be included in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions in the inguinal region.

Neuropathological Findings in Short-Chain enoyl-CoA Hydratase 1 Deficiency (ECHS1D): Case Report and Differential Diagnosis.

Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 (ECHS1) is an enzyme that participates in the metabolism of valine, transforming methacrylyl-CoA in ß-hydroxy-isobutyryl-CoA. There is an accumulation of intermediate acids and ammonium as a consequence of its deficit. This background generates a harmful environment for the brain causing neuronal death and severe brain lesions. We present a case of a 39 weeks newborn that died at 31 hours old. We found vacuolization in basal areas, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord white matter (spongiform myelinopathy). These vacuoles were periodic acid-Schiff stain negative, there were neither acompanion gliosis nor macrophagic reaction. These findings were suggestive of metabolism acid disorders. The final diagnosis was confirmed by genetic study by massive parallel sequencing, showing 2 previously described pathogenic variants (c.160C > T and c.394G > A) of short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting the histological changes in short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency. Histological study provides useful information to orientate the diagnostic and clarify the clinical manifestations, especially in hospitals where urine or blood samples are not taking routinely or where genetic studies may not be performed.Synopsis: The main neuropathological findings in Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency are the presence of whitte matter vacuoles in basal areas, brain stem and spinal cord.

SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with monoclonal gammopathy. A case report based on the study of minimally invasive ultrasound-guided autopsy.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health emergency with numerous clinical facets, including acute kidney injury and acute cerebrovascular disease. Further knowledge of its various pathogenic mechanisms is essential, including coagulation disorders. Monoclonal gammopathy is characterized by the overproduction of a monoclonal immunoglobulin caused by clonal proliferation. Using a postmortem study of ultrasound-guided percutaneous core biopsies, the aim of this report is to present our observations on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection pathology associated with monoclonal gammopathy. The clinical presentation was acute renal failure. Pathological findings revealed kappa light chain cast nephropathy. SARS-CoV-2 immunohistochemistry was positive in some renal tubular cells. Another notable finding was the presence of a high density of alveolar megakaryocytes, which probably explained the final outcome (acute cerebrovascular disease). Immunohistochemical study for SARS-CoV-2 does not verify the pathogenic effect of the virus and thus its contribution to the acute kidney injury.

SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with monoclonal gammopathy. A case report based on the study of minimally invasive ultrasound-guided autopsy

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health emergency with numerous clinical facets, including acute kidney injury and acute cerebrovascular disease. Further knowledge of its various pathogenic mechanisms is essential, including coagulation disorders. Monoclonal gammopathy is characterized by the overproduction of a monoclonal immunoglobulin caused by clonal proliferation. Using a postmortem study of ultrasound-guided percutaneous core biopsies, the aim of this report is to present our observations on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection pathology associated with monoclonal gammopathy. The clinical presentation was acute renal failure. Pathological findings revealed kappa light chain cast nephropathy. SARS-CoV-2 immunohistochemistry was positive in some renal tubular cells. Another notable finding was the presence of a high density of alveolar megakaryocytes, which probably explained the final outcome (acute cerebrovascular disease). Immunohistochemical study for SARS-CoV-2 does not verify the pathogenic effect of the virus and thus its contribution to the acute kidney injury.(AU)

La enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) es una emergencia sanitaria pública global con numerosas facetas clínicas que incluyen enfermedad renal aguda y enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda. Es necesario un conocimiento adicional de su mecanismo patogénico. Los trastornos de coagulación están claramente incluidos en dichos mecanismos. La gammapatía monoclonal se caracteriza por la sobreproducción de inmunoglobulina monoclonal causada por proliferación clonal. Utilizando un estudio postmortem de biopsias percutáneas ecoguiadas, el objetivo de este informe es presentar nuestras observaciones sobre la patología del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por infección de coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) con gammapatía monoclonal. La presentación clínica fue insuficiencia renal aguda. Los hallazgos patológicos revelaron nefropatía por cilindros de cadenas ligeras kappa. La inmunohistoquímica de SARS-CoV-2 fue positiva en ciertas células tubulares renales. La presencia de megacariocitos alveolares (alta densidad) fue un hallazgo notable, que explica probablemente el resultado final del paciente (enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda). El estudio inmunohistoquímico frente a SARS-CoV-2 no verifica el efecto patogénico del virus y, por tanto, su contribución a la nefropatía aguda.(AU)

Spontaneous twin anemia-polycythemia sequence from two donors to one recipient in a monochorionic triamniotic pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature.

Monochorionic triamniotic (MCTA) pregnancies present a high number of complications, mainly due to the presence of unbalanced vascular anastomoses, such as twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS). Previous reported cases related to TAPS are in twin pregnancies or only affect the monochorionic component of dichorionic triamniotic (DCTA) pregnancies. We report an exceptional case, the only one reported as far as we know, of a MCTA pregnancy that developed a TAPS in which the three triplets are implicated, from two donors to one recipient. The pregnancy had been previously sonographically diagnosed as DCTA pregnancy and this could not explain the clinical results. The pathological study of the placenta showed the presence of three monochorionic dividing membranes, a congested area in the recipient parenchyma and two non-congested areas in the donor's parenchyma that confirmed the clinical findings. Pathological study of multiple placentas should always be done because it provides understanding of pregnancy complications.