[Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Groundwater in the Leizhou Peninsula].

Groundwater resources in the Leizhou Peninsula provide a strong support for the economic and social development. Therefore, understanding the chemical characteristics and formation mechanism of groundwater in this area is necessary for the rational exploitation and sustainable utilization of water resources. In this study, 43 groundwater samples were collected, and the hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis, Piper triangular diagrams, ArcGIS spatial interpolation, Gibbs diagram, and ion ratios. The results showed that:① The anions and cations of the groundwater in the study area were mainly HCO3-, Ca2+, and Na+, and the hydrochemical types were mainly HCO3-Cl-Na-Ca, HCO3-Cl-Na-Ca-Mg, HCO3-Cl-Na-Mg, and HCO3-Na. The contents of Cl-, SO42-, and Na+were higher in the west of Leizhou City compared to other areas. The sites with higher contents of HCO3-, NO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were mainly concentrated in the southwest and eastern coastal areas. ② The chemical evolution of groundwater was mainly affected by water-rock interaction, cation alternating adsorption, and anthropogenic activities. The sources of Na+ and K+ were mainly from evaporative and silicate rocks, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were mainly from carbonate karstification, while NO3- originated from anthropogenic activities.

[Source Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater of Leizhou Peninsula].

Source identification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater is one of the key issues in China's new era of environmental management. In order to reveal the status, sources, and health risk of pollutants in groundwater of the Leizhou Peninsula, 44 groundwater samples were collected, and the concentrations and spatial distribution of Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were measured and analyzed. The sources of heavy metals in groundwater were then determined through correlation coefficient and principal component analysis. Finally, the health risk model was used to evaluate the different health risks associated with these heavy metals. The results showed that the average value of heavy metal elements in groundwater of the Leizhou Peninsula does not inferior to the class Ⅱ water quality standard(GB/T 14848-2017). However, As, Mn, and Cd do not meet the standard. The overall spatial distribution indicated obvious spatial differences, with higher values in the south than in the north. Heavy metal sources can be identified as three principal components (PCs). PC1 (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) metals mainly originate from industrial, agricultural, and traffic sources. PC2 (Cr, Mn, and As) sources can be both natural and man-made, and PC3 (Hg) sources are primarily man-made. For the groundwater of the Leizhou Peninsula, the health risks of 8 metals are with the acceptable range, the carcinogenic risk of adults is higher than that of children, and the risk of drinking exposure is higher than that of skin exposure. The study shows that the environmental protection department should encourage the rational exploitation of groundwater resources and control the sources of pollution to reduce health risks.

Upregulation of the proto-oncogene Bmi-1 predicts a poor prognosis in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Bmi-1, the B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus insertion site 1, is a member of the Polycomb-group (PcG) family and acts as an oncogene in various tumors; however, its expression related to the prognosis of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has not been well studied. METHODS: The Bmi-1 expression levels in the bone marrow of 104 pediatric ALL patients and 18 normal control subjects were determined by using qRT-PCR. The association between the Bmi-1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of pediatric ALL patients was analyzed, and the correlation between Bmi-1 and the prognosis of pediatric ALL was calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Furthermore, the association between Bmi-1 expression and its transcriptional regulator Sall4 was investigated. RESULTS: Compared to normal control subjects, patients with primary pediatric ALL exhibited upregulated levels of Bmi-1. However, these levels were sharply decreased in patients who achieved complete remission. A significant positive association between elevated Bmi-1 levels and a poor response to prednisone as well as an increased clinical risk was observed. Patients who overexpressed Bmi-1 at the time of diagnosis had a lower relapse-free survival (RFS) rate (75.8%), whereas patients with lower Bmi-1 expression had an RFS of 94.1%. Furthermore, in ALL patients, the mRNA expression of Bmi-1 was positively correlated to the mRNA expression of Sall4a. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data suggest that Bmi-1 could serve as a novel prognostic biomarker in pediatric primary ALL and may be partially regulated by Sall4a. Our study also showed that Bmi-1 could serve as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of pediatric ALL.

[Effects of atorvastatin on expression of peroxisome proliferation activated receptor gamma in unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of peroxisome proliferation activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) at different periods in renal interstitium and to study the effect of atorvastatin on the protein expression of PPAR gamma in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in a rat model. METHODS: Forty-five female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups: the sham operation group, the model group and the atorvastatin group. The latter two groups underwent UUO and then received vehicle only or atorvastatin (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) by daily gastric gavage, from three days before the UUO operation to the day of sacrifice . The sham operation rats received vehicle. Five rats of each group were sacrificed respectively at 5, 10 and 15 days after surgery. Histological changes in renal tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson stain. Immunohistochemistry for PPAR gamma was performed in renal interstitium at each time point. RESULTS: Interstitial expansion and fibrosis in ureter obstructed kidney was prominent in the model group. Atorvastatin seemed to have ameliorated interstitial expansion and fibrosis in atorvastatin group. Detectable basic PPAR gamma expression was observed in renal inner medulla of rats in sham operation group, and it was mainly concentrated in collecting tubules. In UUO rats, PPAR gamma expression was found increased and extended to renal tubular epithelial cells. Increased PPAR gamma expression was found on the 5th day after UUO, and significant PPAR gamma expression was found on the 10 th day after UUO. The increased PPAR gamma expression was found to be downregulated on the 15 th day after UUO, but still significantly increased compared with that of the model group at the same time point (all P<0.01). Atorvastatin could significantly increase the expression of PPAR gamma as compared with the model group at each time point (all P<0.01). CONCLUSION: PPAR gamma expression was found increased, and it appeared in renal tubular epithelial cells in UUO rats, Atorvastatin may play a protective role in the kidney by activating PPAR gamma, thus alleviating renal interstitial fibrosis following UUO in rats.