The effect of different times of day for exercise on blood glucose fluctuations.

AIMS: This study aims to explore blood glucose variations before and after short-term intensive exercise in the morning or afternoon of a day and the trend of blood glucose fluctuations during exercise in patients with T2DM (type 2 diabetes, T2DM). METHODS: Blood glucose variations of Fouty during morning exercise 8:00-12:00 hours and twenty during afternoon exercise 14:30-18:30 hours). Patients with T2DM discharged from the hospital were analyzed retrospectively, with the baseline data checked through the medical record system before intervention. We were asked to perform seven times of treadmill aerobic exercise, which lasted for 30 minutes with incremental intensity for each time, for two weeks under the supervision of the Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) and the heart rate armband. The exercise intensity has been adjusted by the clinicians and specialist nurses from the Department of Diabetes Mellitus according to the blood glucose levels and heart rate curves during exercise; data including the height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, in-exercise CGM-measured blood glucose value/min, and after-exercise fingertip blood glucose value of patients with T2DM were collected after the intensive exercise (2 weeks). SPSS 22.0 and GraphPad Prism 7 were adopted for statistical analysis using the T-test and ANOVA. RESULT: No difference was observed in the baseline data between the morning and afternoon exercise groups before intervention; compared to the morning exercise group, the fasting C-peptide value (2.15±0.97 vs. 1.53±0.46) in the afternoon exercise group was higher than that in the morning exercise group, with a superior (p=0.029) effect after two weeks of intervention, exhibiting a significant difference in the results. According to the results of repeated variance ANOVA analysis, the time for the appearance of significant improvement in blood glucose in the afternoon exercise group was 5 minutes earlier (11th minute vs 1 minute)than that in the morning exercise group (15th minute vs 1 min); significant differences were observed in both time (p=0.048 vs p<0.01) between the two groups on exercise days, as revealed by the results of bivariate ANOVA; in comparison to the morning exercise group (7.42±1.68), there was a significant difference (p=0.049)in the mean blood glucose between the two groups 25 min after patients with T2DM in the afternoon exercise group (6.25±1.53) started to exercise; in addition, a significant statistical difference (p=0.021) was revealed in the CGM-measured hourly the mean blood glucose on exercise days between the morning(8.18±1.88) and afternoon exercise (6.75±1.40)groups at 4:00 pm in week one and two w. CONCLUSIONS: Glycaemic improvement in the short-term intensive afternoon exercise group may be superior to that of the morning exercise group, which may be related to greater fasting C-peptide secretion and longer effective exercise duration. The time to exercise is a factor affecting blood glucose variations during exercise. However, significant variations in the level of blood glucose during exercise must be further observed through exercise intervention over a more extended period.

Identification of differentially expressed proteins of brain tissue in response to methamidophos in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Methamidophos (MAP), an organophosphorus pesticide used around the world, has been associated with a wide spectrum of toxic effects on organisms in the environment. In this study, the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was subjected to 10 mg/L MAP for 72 h and 144 h, and the morphological and proteomic changes in the brain were observed, analyzed and compared with those in the non-exposed control group. Under the light microscope and transmission electron microscope, MAP had evidently induced changes in or damage to the flounder tissues. Gas chromatography analysis demonstrated that the MAP residues were significantly accumulated in the flounder brain tissues. Proteomic changes in the brain tissue were revealed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and 27 protein spots were observed to be significantly changed by MAP exposure. The results indicated that the regulated proteins were involved in immune and stress responses, protein biosynthesis and modification, signal transduction, organismal development, and 50% of them are protease. qRT-PCR was used to further detect the corresponding change of transcription. These data may be beneficial to understand the molecular mechanism of MAP toxicity in flounder, be very useful for MAP-resistance screening in flounder culture. According to our results and analyzing, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and granzyme K (GzmK) had taken important part in immune response to MAP-stress and could be biomarkers for MAP-stress in flounder.

Toxicological responses of the hard clam Meretrix meretrix exposed to excess dissolved iron or challenged by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

The responses of genes encoding defense components such as ferritin, the lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF), the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB), metallothionein, and glutathione peroxidase were assessed at the transcriptional level in order to investigate the toxicological and immune mechanism of the hard clam Meretrix meretrix (HCMM) following challenge with iron or a bacterium (Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Fe dissolved in natural seawater led to an increase of Fe content in both the hepatopancreas and gill tissue of HCMM between 4 and 15 days of exposure. The ferritin gene responded both transcriptionally as indicated by real-time quantitative PCR and translationally as shown by western blotting results to iron exposure and both transcriptional and translational ferritin expression in the hepatopancreas had a positive correlation with the concentration of dissolved iron in seawater. Both iron and V. parahaemolyticus exposure triggered immune responses with similar trends in clam tissues. There was a significant post-challenge mRNA expression of LITAF and IκB at 3h, ferritin at 24h, and metallothionein and glutathione peroxidase at 48h. This behavior might be linked to their specific functions in physiological processes. These results suggested that similar signaling pathways were triggered during both iron and V. parahaemolyticus challenges. Here, we indicated that the ferritin of Meretrix meretrix was an intermediate in the pathway of iron homeostasis and in its innate immune defense mechanism.

Identification and expression pattern of ribosomal L5 gene in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The full-length cDNA sequence (1158 bp) encoding a ribosomal L5 protein, designated as TaL5, was firstly isolated from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method (RACE). The open reading frame (ORF) of TaL5 gene was 906 bp, and its deduced amino acid sequence (301 residues) shared high similarity to those of other higher plant L5 proteins. TaL5 protein contained a putative 5S binding region (74 amino acids). TaL5 DNA sequence was further cloned, and sequence analysis showed that it contained 7 introns and 8 exons. Predicated using TargetP software, TaL5 protein was putatively located in mitochondria and contains a transit peptide of 12 amino acids. During grain filling period, temporal expression pattern of TaL5 gene was approximately consistent with the rates of starch accumulation in grains. Additionally, TaL5 gene was dramatically induced by salt, drought and freezing stresses, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) in wheat seedlings. These implied that TaL5 gene could function in growth, development and abiotic stresses in wheat plants.

A novel Ta.AGP.S.1b transcript in Chinese common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), the key enzyme of starch synthesis in plants, is composed of two small and two large subunits, and has plastidial and cytosolic isoforms. In kernels of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), transcripts for cytosolic (Ta.AGP.S1a) and plastidial (Ta.AGP.S1b) small subunits of AGPase were encoded by the same gene (Ta.AGP.S.1) by use of the alternative first exons. In this study, a cDNA sequence (1631 bp) [NCBI: EU586278] encoding a novel Ta.AGP.S1b transcript was isolated in kernels of Chinese common wheat cultivars. Compared with another Ta.AGP.S1b transcript [NCBI: FJ643609] isolated in kernels of non-Chinese wheat cultivars, EU586278 lacked a long fragment (117 bp) at its 5'terminal, resulting in a shorten transit peptide. The lacked fragments of Ta.AGP.S1b (EU586278) were universally found in surveyed 22 Chinese common wheat cultivars. Partial genomic DNA sequence [NCBI: FJ907395] of Ta.AGP.S.1 gene, which was corresponded to 5'terminal of EU586278 transcript, was also isolated in Chinese common cultivars and sequencing indicated that FJ907395 contained the corresponding lacked fragment of EU586278 transcript, inferring the lacked fragment in EU586278 transcript was not present in the genome, but possibly occurred at transcription level. Using TargetP software, the predicated transit peptide of putative plastidial SSU encoded by EU586278 contained merely 25 amino acids, considerably shorter than those of other plant AGP. S.1bs (54-70 amino acids). Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence of EU586278 transit peptide was not clustered together with those of other wheat Ta.AGP.S1bs [NCBI: AF536819 and FJ643609] and barley AGP.S1b [NCBI: Z48563]. These implied that EU586278 could be a novel Ta.AGP.S1b transcript. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis indicated that transcripts of EU586278 were abundantly expressed in leaf, moderately in endosperm and stem, and weakly in root.