ABSTRACT
Rabies is enzootic in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Every year, cattle and horses die from rabies that is transmitted by the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. This paper describes the spread of the rabies virus by the continuous diffusion model using relaxed random walks with BEAST software. Forty-one (41) sequences of gene G from the rabies virus that was isolated from bats and domestic herbivores from several areas of the state between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed. The phylogenetic tree showed three main clusters as well as two sub-clusters under cluster 2. A spatial analysis showed that three strains of the rabies virus spread independently. In general, central Espírito Santo, which is mountainous, was the area where separation of the virus strains occurred. This physical barrier, however, was overcome at some point in time, as samples from different lineages were found in the same microarea.
Subject(s)
Chiroptera/virology , Livestock/virology , Rabies virus/classification , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rabies/veterinary , Animals , Brazil , Cattle , Herbivory , Horses , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeography , Rabies/virology , Rabies virus/geneticsABSTRACT
Dengue epidemics occur typically in the warmest months without qualitative differences for the Brazilian geographic regions. However, this disease has an important quantitative difference. We observe two clusters in the country regarding the number of case notifications: The first cluster is formed by the North-East and South-East regions, that sum about 86% of the all notifications; and the second is formed by the South, North and Center-West regions. Vector index were associated to the population sizes, and most of them were below of the recognized threshold index for epidemics risk although epidemic situation were observable in some of these places. Apparently, there was no positive evidence between dengues epidemics and vector index.
Subject(s)
Aedes , Dengue/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Insect Vectors , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data , Incidence , Population Density , Retrospective Studies , SeasonsABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ophthalmic disease is the most common cause of corneal blindness in humans world-wide. Current culture techniques for HSV take several days and commercially available HSV laboratory based diagnostic techniques vary in sensitivity. Our study was conducted to evaluate the use of a quicker and simpler method to herpes ophthalmic diagnosis. Corneal smears were made by firm imprints of infected mouse eyes to glass slides, after smears were fixated with cold acetone, and an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) method was performed using monoclonal antibodies in a murine model of ophthalmic herpes. Eye swabs from infected mice were inoculated in Vero cells for virus isolation. Cytology and histology of the eye were also performed, using hematoxylin-eosin routine. Mouse eyes were examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy for evidence of herpetic disease at various times postinoculation. We made a comparative evaluation of sensitivity, specificity and speed of methods for laboratory detection of HSV. Our results indicate that this IIF method is quick, sensitive, specific and can be useful in the diagnosis of ophthalmic herpes as demonstrated in an animal model.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Viral/analysis , Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology , Keratitis, Herpetic/diagnosis , Animals , Chlorocebus aethiops , Disease Models, Animal , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Reproducibility of Results , Time Factors , Vero CellsABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ophthalmic disease is the most common cause of corneal blindness in humans world-wide. Current culture techniques for HSV take several days and commercially available HSV laboratory based diagnostic techniques vary in sensitivity. Our study was conducted to evaluate the use of a quicker and simpler method to herpes ophthalmic diagnosis. Corneal smears were made by firm imprints of infected mouse eyes to glass slides, after smears were fixated with cold acetone, and an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) method was performed using monoclonal antibodies in a murine model of ophthalmic herpes. Eye swabs from infected mice were inoculated in Vero cells for virus isolation. Cytology and histology of the eye were also performed, using hematoxylin-eosin routine. Mouse eyes were examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy for evidence of herpetic disease at various times postinoculation. We made a comparative evaluation of sensitivity, specificity and speed of methods for laboratory detection of HSV. Our results indicate that this IIF method is quick, sensitive, specific and can be useful in the diagnosis of ophthalmic herpes as demonstrated in an animal model.
A doença oftálmica do vírus herpes simplex do tipo 1 (HSV-1) é a causa mais comum de cegueira córnea em humanos mundialmente. Técnicas de cultura atuais para HSV levam vários dias e laboratórios de HSV comercialmente disponíveis estabelecem que as técnicas diagnósticas variam em sensibilidade. Nosso estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a aplicação prática de um método mais rápido e simples para diagnosticar o herpes oftálmico. Decalques córneos foram feitos por impressões firmes de olhos de camundongos a lâminas de vidro, depois os decalques foram fixados com acetona fria, e um método de imunofluorescência indireta (IIF) foi executado empregando anticorpos monoclonais no modelo murino de herpes oftálmico. Swabs de córnea foram inoculados em células Vero para o isolamento de vírus a partir de camundongos infectados. A citologia e a histologia do olho foi feita pela rotina de hematoxilina e eosina. Os olhos de camundongos foram examinados através de oftalmomicroscopia para evidência de doença herpética em vários tempos pós-inoculação. A avaliação comparativa da sensibilidade, especificidade e velocidade de métodos para detecção laboratorial de HSV foi feita. Nossos resultados indicam que este método de IIF é rápido, sensível, específico e pode ser útil no diagnóstico de herpes oftálmico como demonstrado no modelo animal.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Mice , Antigens, Viral/analysis , Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology , Keratitis, Herpetic/diagnosis , Chlorocebus aethiops , Disease Models, Animal , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Reproducibility of Results , Time Factors , Vero CellsABSTRACT
A dengue no Brasil incide tipicamente nos meses mais quentes do ano, sem diferenças qualitativas para as regiões brasileiras, porém, com diferenças quantitativas importantes, dividindo o país em dois grupos distintos quanto ao número de notificações de casos. O primeiro grupo compreende as regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, que deteve cerca de 86 por cento das notificações, enquanto o segundo (regiões Sul, Centro-Oeste e Norte) é responsável por um número significativamente menor. Os índices vetoriais estavam associados primariamente ao tamanho das populações, sendo mais freqüentes os índices abaixo do valor de risco e ainda assim, nesta condição, ocorreram epidemias. Não foi observada correlação positiva entre epidemias e densidades vetoriais.
Dengue epidemics occur typically in the warmest months without qualitative differences for the Brazilian geographic regions. However, this disease has an important quantitative difference. We observe two clusters in the country regarding the number of case notifications: The first cluster is formed by the North-East and South-East regions, that sum about 86 percent of the all notifications; and the second is formed by the South, North and Center-West regions. Vector index were associated to the population sizes, and most of them were below of the recognized threshold index for epidemics risk although epidemic situation were observable in some of these places. Apparently, there was no positive evidence between dengues epidemics and vector index.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes , Dengue/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Insect Vectors , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data , Geography , Incidence , Population Density , Retrospective Studies , SeasonsABSTRACT
No presente trabalho foram utilizados 54 bovinos, mestiços, portadores da papilomatose plana e/ou pedunculada, de ambos os sexos e com idade variando entre 1 e 7 anos. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos, com 18 bovinos cada. O Grupo 1 não recebeu nenhum tipo de tratamento (grupo controle). O Grupo 2 foi constituído pelos animais tratados homeopaticamente. O Grupo 3 foi constituído pelos animais que receberam tratamento fitoterápico. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que os tratamentos homeopático e fitoterápico foram eficazes na cura da papilomatose cutânea bovina.
Subject(s)
Cattle , Homeopathy , Papilloma , PhytotherapyABSTRACT
Two different procedures for inoculation of HSV on corneas of balb/c mice were evaluated. The first was by the use of HSV suspensions directly on the corneas and the other was after corneal scarification. Animals by this later method presented greater morbidity and mortalitythan those of first group, suggesting than inoculation of HSV without scarification of the cornea should be the method of choice for the study of HSV ophthalmic infection. This model showed also be an efficient experimental system to testing antiviral drugs.
