ABSTRACT
Objective: Research on reactive attachment disorder (RAD) has focused on institutionalized samples, and long-term outcomes have not been described. This study examines the natural history of RAD into adulthood in a US community sample.Methods: The electronic medical record of a tertiary care center was reviewed for individuals who received an ICD-9 or ICD-10 diagnosis of RAD between 3-12 years old and were ≥ 18 years old at the start of the study; data were collected between February and June 2018. Children with RAD (n = 49) were identified and psychiatric, social, and medical outcomes were collected in childhood and adulthood. A subset of the RAD cohort with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on ICD codes (n = 34) was compared with age-matched controls with ADHD and without attachment disorders (n = 102).Results: Children with RAD had high rates of adult psychiatric diagnoses (73.5%), substance use (42.9%), suicide attempts (28.6%), and psychiatric hospitalizations (71.4%). They also demonstrated poor psychosocial outcomes, including low high school (34.7%) and college (2.0%) graduation, high unemployment (26.5%), state-funded health insurance (65.3%), and legal issues (34.7%). Compared to children with ADHD alone, children with RAD and ADHD had higher rates of comorbid adult psychiatric diagnoses (OR 3.0, P = .02), suicide attempts (OR 7.5, P < .01), and hospitalizations (OR 6.4, P < .01).Conclusions: This study describes the natural history of RAD into adulthood in a non-institutionalized sample. The findings suggest that children with RAD have a high burden of psychiatric comorbidities and reduced psychosocial functioning into adulthood that extend beyond the impairment associated with ADHD, a common comorbidity in RAD. These findings highlight the continuous impact of early attachment difficulties on the developmental trajectory of children.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Reactive Attachment Disorder , Humans , Child , Adult , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Reactive Attachment Disorder/diagnosis , Reactive Attachment Disorder/epidemiology , Reactive Attachment Disorder/psychology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Comorbidity , Suicide, AttemptedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines are the conventional mainstay to manage alcohol withdrawal; however, patients are subsequently at increased risk for poor sleep, cravings, and return to drinking. Research on alternative pharmacologic agents to facilitate safe alcohol withdrawal is scant. Gabapentin is one medication shown in small studies to reduce the need for benzodiazepines in the setting of alcohol withdrawal. The continuation of gabapentin after alcohol withdrawal appears to be safe during early sobriety and may aid in reducing alcohol-related cravings or returning to alcohol consumption. Use of a gabapentin-based, benzodiazepine-sparing protool began in early 2015 by the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Service. OBJECTIVE: A retrospective chart review was conducted to detect any safety concerns with use of a gabapentin protocol for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. METHODS: Secondary outcomes were derived by comparing a matched cohort of patients who received benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients had their alcohol withdrawal managed via a gabapentin protocol during the study period. No patients required transfer to a higher level of care or had a documented withdrawal seizure. Length of stay between the gabapentin protocol group and benzodiazepine group were similar. CONCLUSION: This preliminary data has supported the frequent use of this protocol in the general internal medicine practice and formalization of an institutional order set of this protocol for mild to moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Prospective studies are required to validate findings.
