[Rudolf Virchow: the 150th anniversary of the cellular pathology teaching].

The paper describes the course of life and professional activities of the German pathologist R. Virchow, the founder of modern human pathology. Along with the critical presentation of data on Virchow's discoveries, theories, achievements, and errors in pathology, the paper gives information on his works in different other medical and non-medical sciences and that on the activity of this scientist on the political area of Germany of that time.

[Tubular interstitial pathology of the kidney (on 25th anniversary of the WHO Expert Committee classification)].

The experience by pathologists and clinical physicians in using the classification of tubulointerstitial lesions of the kidney, which was developed in the 1980s, has shown that it adequately reflects the structure of this important section of renal pathology. At the same time the classification is proposed to be modified on the basis of the actual current spectrum of renal pathology.

[Clinicomorphological characteristics of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis].

Thirty three cases of death from icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis were clinically and morphologically analyzed. The disease is characterized by the affliction of two major target organs: the kidney and liver. Infectious-toxic shock underlies the pathogenesis of specific fetal complications of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis. In the latter, acute renal-hepatic failure is always followed by the structural damage and dysfunction of other organs, which are less pronounced and, at the same time, presents multiple organ dysfunction.

[Twenty years' experience with the information system "biopsy" used in the work of a department of morbid anatomy].

The long-term use of the information system "Biopsy" has shown its efficiency in improving the organization of the department of morbid anatomy in a large hospital. Its advantages are the availability of materials and necessary information for the shortest period. The introduction of an electronic signature and the storage of signed documents are new real steps to the creation of paper-free technology, including the so-called electronic case history base. Automated exchange of orders for tests and their results not only reduces the time of their obtaining, but also lowers costs and enhances the efficiency of work pf a biopsy laboratory.

[A method of determination of the accuracy of morphological diagnosis of surgical and biopsy material]. / K metodike opredeleniia tochnosti morfologicheskoi diagnostiki operatsionnogo i biopsiinogo materiala.

The accuracy of morphological diagnosis of 281 surgical samples and biopsy material was analyzed including 253 intrasurgical biopsies on frozen and paraffin sections and 26 television (out of sight) consultations in the "off-line" regime with subsequent control optical microscopy of paraffin sections. The indices of specificity, correspondance and sensitivity allow to have more objective assessment of the quality of life-time morphological diagnosis and can be considered as an obligatory component of annual reports of pathology departments and reports of clinical pathologists at professional certification.

[Using telepathology for remote pathoanatomical diagnostics]. / Primenenie telepatologii dlia otdalennoi patologo-anatomicheskoi diagnostiki

The experience accumulated in 2000-2002 in the department of pathology of the central clinical hospital of President Administration Medical Centre on the use of telepathology for distant anatomopathological diagnosis is reviewed. Multilevel consulting-diagnostic telepathological network having local (intrahospital and city), federal and international levels was created in the scope of the departmental telemedical project. The results of the use of removed telediagnosis for urgent histological studies on frozen sections indicate the absence of differences between this method and conventional optical diagnosis.

[Telepathology: current problems and perspectives on development]. / Telepatologiia: sostoianie problemy i perspektivy razvitiia.

Telepathology is a rapidly developing discipline of XXI-century medical technology. Advantages, shortcomings and perspectives of this method are discussed.

[Epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathological anatomy of leptospirosis]. / Epidemiologiia, patogenez i patologicheskaia anatomiia leptospirozov.

The review gives information on epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathologic anatomy of leptospirosis as well as the role of endotoxin in selective damage to the liver and kidneys, causes of death.

[Pathohistological diagnosis of precancerous conditions and cancer of the breast]. / Patogistologicheskaia diagnostika predopukholevykh protsessov i opukhole molochnoi zhelezy.

It is suggested to improve histopathological diagnosis on the basis of mean ploidy of cell clones characterising separate stages of carcinogenesis. Additional ploidometric analysis of sections stained by Felgen enables differential diagnosis of benign (hyperplastic lesions and mild neoplasia) with malignant stages of carcinogenesis (grave intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinomas) in the breast.

[Pathomorphology of the kidneys in acute renal failure caused by thrombotic microangiopathy in pregnancy, during labor and in puerperas]. / Patomorfologiia pochek pri ostroi pochechnoi nedostatochnosti, obuslovlennoi tromboticheskoi mikroangiopatiei u beremennykh, rozhenits i rodil'nits.

The review of literature on acute renal deficiency in pregnancy, delivery and post-delivery period is presented.

[Experience at cooperation between the Moscow Municipal Center of Pathology Research and the Chair of Pathology of the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Training]. / Opyt sotrydnichestva Moskovskogo gorodskogo tsentra patologoanatomicheskikh issledovanii i kafedry patologicheskoi anatomii Rossiiskoi meditsinskoi akademii poslediplomnogo obrazovaniia.

Pathology service in Moscow, unlike in other cities of Russia, is not centralized and consists of 57 pathology departments of hospitals for adults and 5 departments of children hospitals of municipal subordination; 30 federal pathology departments of hospitals, 20 departments and laboratories of research medical centers and 5 pathology chairs of medical institutes. In spite of high professional levels of the pathologists, the lack of a centralized city service is a negative aspect. Cooperation between Moscow City Pathology Center and Chair of Pathology of Russian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education illustrates positive trends to consolidation of Moscow pathologists.

[Pathomorphology of extrarenal alterations in hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children]. / Patomorfologiia vnepochechnykh izmenenii pri gemolitiko-uremicheskom sindrome u detei.

Extrarenal alterations were studied in 64 cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in children aged from 17 days to 4 years. Three groups are distinguished depending on the presence of acute renal failure (ARF) or induced by its treatment. Thrombotic microangiopathy which was present in the acute stage of the disease in the colon, pancreas, brain, spleen, liver represented the first group. The second group included extrarenal alterations associated with ARF-hyperhydration of organs and tissues with accumulation of the liquid in the serous cavities, dilatation of the heart cavities and myocardial hypertrophy, brain hemorrhages, hemorrhagic diathesis, immunodepression of immunogenesis organs. The third group of the extrarenal alterations induced by the ARF treatment was characterized by infectious and iatrogenic complications.

[Pathomorphology of the kidneys in hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children]. / Patomorfologiia pochek pri gemolitiko-uremicheskom sindrome u detei.

The kidneys were studied morphologically in 64 cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in children aged from 17 days to 4 years. Three variants of the kidney alterations are distinguished depending on the duration of acute renal failure (ARF): early, late and delayed alterations. Early alterations were observed if ARF lasted for 1-10 days and were characterized by glomerular thrombotic microangiopathy with disturbance of the nephron proximal part function resultant from microcirculatory damage. Late kidney alterations (11-20 days of ARF) consisted of glomerular thrombi fibrinolysis, development of mesangial cell proliferation and mesangiolysis, proximal tubular epithelium regeneration and the appearance of nephrohydrosis resulting from the distal nephron part obstruction by hyalin cylinders. Delayed alterations (21-62 days of ARF) manifested with predominant atrophic and sclerotic processes. The first variant corresponded to the acute course of HUS while the two last variants to the subacute one.

[Current tasks of institutional pathology departments in training physicians in the system of postgraduate education]. / Aktual'nye zadachi kafedr patologicheskoi anatomii institutov usovershenstvovaniia vrachei v sisteme poslediplomnoi podgotovki.

The difficulties in the postgraduate training of pathologists are analyzed and the leading role of the pathology chairs of the institutes for postgraduate medical training is outlined. Measures for retaining and improving the existing system for the training of pathologists are discussed. The importance of the physician's attestation in their qualification categories, and other possibilities in improving the postgraduate pathologist training are considered.

[Pathogenesis of hemolytic-uremic syndrome]. / Patogenez gemolitiko-uremicheskogo sindroma.

Current literature on the pathogenesis of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is analyzed. A variety of etiologic factors and mechanisms of HUS development is considered. The emphasis is laid on the endotoxinemia, damage of the renal vessel and glomerular mesangium endothelium and other mechanisms.