The effect of an informative 360-degree virtual reality video on anxiety for women visiting the one-stop clinic for abnormal uterine bleeding: A randomized controlled trial (VISION-trial).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of an informative 360-degree virtual reality (VR) video on preoperative anxiety before visiting a one-stop clinic for abnormal uterine bleeding. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial was performed in a teaching hospital in the Netherlands. A total of 83 women scheduled for a first consultation at the one-stop clinic between April 2017 and September 2017 were included in the analysis. All women received a standard information leaflet about the clinic. 40 women were randomized to receive a 360-degree VR-video of the clinic in addition. The primary outcome was change in the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A), measured at baseline (before randomization) and in the waiting room (before visit, after randomization). Anxiety assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) was a secondary outcome. Other secondary outcomes included anxiety during the visit and the opinion of the women about the provided information. RESULTS: Only 27 out of the 40 women actually watched the VR-video. Women in the VR-group who actually watched the video reported lower levels of anxiety at baseline compared to women in the VR-group who did not watch the video. In the intention-to-treat analysis, there was no difference in change in anxiety between the VR-group and the control group (mean difference VAS-A = 0.07, 95% CI -0.96 to 1.10; mean difference STAI-S = 1.97, 95% CI -1.82 to 5.77). In the per-protocol analysis, women in the VR-group reported lower anxiety scores in the waiting room. However, the change in anxiety scores between baseline and waiting room was comparable in both groups. 31% of the women who watched the VR-video reported that the video resulted in a reduction of anxiety, 69% reported that the video is of added value and 65% would use a VR-video again in future. CONCLUSIONS: Adding the informative 360-degree VR-video to conventional information did not result in a reduction of anxiety prior to visiting the one-stop clinic. However, the majority of women who watched the video felt that it was of added value. Remarkable was that women who reported higher anxiety at baseline seemed less willing to watch the video.

A Virtual Reality Video to Improve Information Provision and Reduce Anxiety Before Cesarean Delivery: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety levels before cesarean delivery (CD) can lead to a negative birth experience, which may influence several aspects of the woman's life in the long term. Improving preoperative information may lower preoperative anxiety and lead to a more positive birth experience. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether a virtual reality (VR) video in addition to standard preoperative information decreases anxiety levels before a planned CD. METHODS: Women scheduled to undergo term elective CD were recruited from the outpatient clinic. They were randomized and stratified based on history of emergency CD (yes or no). All participants received standard preoperative information (folder leaflets and counseling by the obstetrician); the VR group additionally watched the VR video showing all aspects of CD such as the ward admission, operating theater, spinal analgesia, and moment of birth. The primary outcome measure was a change in score on the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (ΔVAS-A) measured at admission for CD, compared with the baseline VAS-A score. RESULTS: A total of 97 women were included for analysis. The baseline characteristics were similar in both groups, except for a significantly higher level of education in the control group. There was no significant decrease in the VAS-A score of the women in the VR group (n=49) compared with those in the control group (n=48; ΔVAS-A=1.0; P=.08; 95% CI -0.1 to 2.0). Subgroup analysis for the group of women with a history of emergency CD showed a trend toward decreased preoperative anxiety, despite the small sample size of this subgroup (n=17; P=.06). Of the 26 participants who provided completed questionnaires, 22 (85%) in the VR group reported feeling more prepared after seeing the VR video; of the 24 participants' partners who completed the questionnaires, 19 (79%) agreed with the participants. No discomfort or motion sickness was reported. CONCLUSIONS: A VR video may help patients and their partners feel better prepared when planning a CD. This study showed that VR does not lead to a decrease in preoperative anxiety. However, subgroups such as women with a history of emergency CD may benefit from VR videos. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 74794447; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN74794447 (retrospectively registered).

Anterior rectus sheath blocks in children with abdominal wall pain due to anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome: a prospective case series of 85 children.

BACKGROUND: Chronic abdominal pain in children may be caused by the anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome. Local nerve blocks are recommended as an initial treatment in adults. Evidence on effectiveness and safety of such a treatment in children is lacking. AIM: Our aim was to study outcome and adverse events of anterior rectus sheath blocks in childhood anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome. METHODS: Patients <18 years of age receiving anterior rectus sheath blocks were prospectively followed. Injections were administered using a free-hand technique in the outpatient department. RESULTS: A total of 85 children were included (median age 15 years, range 8-17, 76% female). Eighty-three children reported immediate pain relief following a single lidocaine block and 13 achieved long-term success. Another 19 children was successfully treated with additional blocks combined with steroids. A total 38% success ratio was attained after a median 17-month follow-up (range, 4-39). Pain intensity and diagnostic delay were not associated with a beneficial outcome. However, young age predicted success. An infrequently occurring adverse event was temporarily increased pain some 6 h post injection. CONCLUSION: Anterior rectus sheath blocks using local anesthetics and steroids are safe and long-term successful in more than one-third of children suffering from abdominal pain due to anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome.

Mesh Removal and Selective Neurectomy for Persistent Groin Pain Following Lichtenstein Repair.

BACKGROUND: Some patients with persistent inguinodynia following a Lichtenstein hernia repair fail all non-surgical treatments. Characteristics of mesh-related pain are not well described whereas a meshectomy is controversial. Aims were to define mesh-related pain symptoms, to investigate long-term effects of a meshectomy and to provide recommendations on meshectomy. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing open meshectomy with/without selective neurectomy for chronic inguinodynia following Lichtenstein repair were analysed including a follow-up questionnaire. Outcome measures were complications, satisfaction (excellent, good, moderate, poor) and hernia recurrence rate. Recommendations for meshectomy are proposed based on a literature review. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients (67 males, median age 56 years) underwent mesh removal (exclusively mesh, 26%; combined with tailored neurectomy, 74%) between June 2006 and March 2015 in a single centre. Complications were intraoperatively recognized small bowel injury (n = 1) and testicular atrophy (n = 2). A 64% excellent/good long-term result was attained (median 18 months). Success rates of a meshectomy (63%) or combined with a neurectomy (64%) were similar. Five hernia recurrences occurred during follow-up (7%). A patient with a pure mesh-related groin pain characteristically reports a 'foreign body feeling'. Pain intensifies during hip flexion (car driving) and is attenuated following hip extension or supine position. Palpation is painful along the inguinal ligament whereas neuropathic characteristics (hyperpathic skin, trigger points) are lacking. CONCLUSIONS: Mesh removal either or not combined with tailored neurectomy is beneficial in two of three patients with characteristics of mesh-related inguinodynia following Lichtenstein hernia repair who are refractory to alternative pain treatments.

Long-term success rates after an anterior neurectomy in patients with an abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Surgery occasionally is proposed in patients with chronic abdominal wall pain caused by an anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) who are refractory to injection therapy. An anterior neurectomy may seem successful, but follow-up is usually short and populations are small. The primary aim of this study was to determine the long-term success rate of surgery in a large ACNES population. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, patients with ACNES ≥18 years who underwent a primary anterior neurectomy between January 2004 and February 2012 in one single center were studied. Pain scores were obtained before surgery, after surgery, and at the moment of questioning using a pain intensity numeric rating scale (PI-NRS 0-10) and a 6-point verbal category rating scale. Success was defined as a ≥50% PI-NRS reduction or ≥2 point verbal rating scale reduction. RESULTS: Data of 181 neurectomies in 154 individuals were available for analysis (female, n = 127, 82.5%; age 47 ± 17 years, range, 20-83). Pain before operation was severe (mean PI-NRS 8.08, SD 1.43). Short-term (1-3 months postoperative) success was 70% (127/181 procedures). Three subjects showed spontaneous remission of complaints after ≥3 months. After a mean 32 months (range, 3-93) follow-up, a success rate of 61% (109/180) on the long-term was found. CONCLUSION: A 70% short-term success rate and a 61% long-term success rate after a primary anterior neurectomy in patients with chronic abdominal pain due to ACNES were attained. Surgery is the method of choice in ACNES patients who are refractory to a conservative regimen.

The natural course of chronic benign pain in childhood and adolescence: a two-year population-based follow-up study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the course of chronic benign pain in childhood and adolescence longitudinally.Setting. Cohort of children with chronic pain recruited from the open population. PATIENTS: A cohort of 987 children and adolescents aged 0-18 years with chronic pain (continuous or recurrent pain>3 months), who were identified in a previous population-based prevalence study, were approached for a two-year follow-up study. Subjects were asked to keep a 3-week diary on their pain and to fill out questionnaires about background factors, pain and pain-related consequences. This assessment was repeated annually for two years. RESULTS: At baseline, 254 subjects reported chronic benign pain; of these, 124 (48%) and 77 (30%) subjects still experienced chronic benign pain at one-year and two-year follow-up, respectively. Except for the estimated pain intensity, which decreased marginally, pain remained stable over the follow-up period. Minor changes occurred in the consequences of pain; the main changes were a decrease of the impact of pain on the child's behavior, social functioning and use of health care. Subjects with persistent pain (9.4%) differed from those with non-persistent pain in frequency, history and location of the pain, emotional problems and their mother's health. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic benign pain in childhood and adolescence is common, and seems to persist in a considerable proportion (30-45%), although pain generally does not deteriorate over time.

Physically unexplained chronic pain and its impact on children and their families: the mother's perception.

Because children with physically unexplained chronic pain may become the adult chronic pain patients of the future and because little is known about this pain and its impact on children and their families, a sample of 77 children (aged 5-11 years) with this type of pain was investigated. The hypothesis was tested that a greater intensity and frequency of pain would diminish the child's functional status and increase the impact of pain on the family. All mothers completed questionnaires on their perception of the child's functional status and the impact of pain on the family, and kept a diary on the child's pain for three successive weeks, three times daily, by means of a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a behavioural list. The study was conducted in the general population in the Rotterdam area. Children with physically unexplained chronic pain were sampled from those participating in a prevalence study on chronic pain. The average pain was mild (30 mm on a 0-100 mm VAS), moderately frequent (34% of the diary registration time), increased during the day, and did not result in large school absence or problems with functional status. Pain showed a relatively negative impact on family life, especially restrictions in social life and personal strain were reported, based on behavioural changes. In particular, abdominal pain, headache and limb pain are already present in considerable numbers at a young age. Longitudinal research should determine whether shifts occur in pain experience and locations from childhood and adulthood and in different dimensions of functional status and, more broadly, in quality of life resulting from pain.

Comparison between children and adolescents with and without chronic benign pain: consultation rate and pain characteristics.

The aim of the study was to determine whether children with chronic benign pain are in contact with their general practitioner (GP) more frequently than those without chronic benign pain. A random sample of children and adolescents aged between 0 and 18 years of age was drawn from the records of ten general practices. According to their responses to a pain questionnaire, subjects were assigned to the chronic benign pain group (n = 95) if they had pain of more than three months' duration, or to the control group (n = 105) if they had pain of less than three months' duration or no pain at all. All the subjects had an average GP consultation rate of 2.6 contacts per year. No significant age and sex differences were found. Chronic benign pain in childhood and adolescence is not related to increased use of healthcare services, suggesting that somatisation does not play a major role in children with chronic benign pain.

Stability of pain parameters and pain-related quality of life in adolescents with persistent pain: a three-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Many juveniles with chronic pain of no known organic cause recover. Because adolescents whose pain persists may have chronic pain as adults, a subsample of 42 adolescents from a prevalence study in which continuation of their pain was observed throughout the study period was investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. All mothers (n = 42) completed a questionnaire on the impact of the adolescent's pain on the family. The authors tested the hypothesis that pain parameters, pain-related quality of life, and impact of pain on the family would deteriorate over time. DESIGN: Three-year follow-up questionnaires, diaries, and interviews were used. SETTING: The study was conducted in the general population in the Rotterdam area. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents (aged 12-18 years) who indicated chronic pain in our previous prevalence study and in a diary and questionnaire each year of the 3-year follow-up were included in the study. RESULTS: The most prevalent pains were limb pain and headache. The pain intensity was mild (33 mm on a visual analog scale), very frequent (72% of all diary entries), and associated with relatively poor functional status and poor psychological and somatic functioning. The pain parameters, pain-related quality of life, and impact of pain on the family (i.e., restrictions in social life and problems in dealing with the stress of the adolescent's pain) remained surprisingly stable across the assessments. The interviews showed that pain had become part of the daily life of several adolescents, who structured their activities and sleeping hours to prevent aggravation of pain. In particular, adolescents with headache reported problems with cognitive activities, whereas those with limb pain and back pain reported problems with physical activities. CONCLUSIONS: For adolescents with persistent pain with no known organic cause, intensity and frequency of pain, quality of life, and impact of pain on the family did not change. Generally, they seemed to cope quite well with their pain. In view of these results, further studies should involve follow-up of adolescents with persistent pain into adulthood to establish the determinants of their pain and to find out whether they maintain their adaptive ways of living with their pain.

Insights in the use of health care services in chronic benign pain in childhood and adolescence.

The utilization of health care services in children and adolescents with chronic benign pain was studied in a Dutch population sample of 254 chronic pain sufferers aged 0-18 years. Children and adolescents who had reported chronic pain (continuous or recurrent pain >3 months) in our previous prevalence study were asked to keep a 3-week diary on their pain and to fill out questionnaires on background factors, health care use and the impact of pain. Parent ratings were used for children aged 0-11 years, self-report was used in adolescents (12-18 years). In a 3-month period, in 53.4% of the cases medication was used for pain, and general practitioners and specialists were consulted for pain in 31.1% and 13.9% of subjects, respectively. Physiotherapists, psychologists and alternative health providers were visited by 11.5, 2.8, and 4.0%, respectively. In the preceding year, 6.4% had been hospitalized due to pain. The most important factors linked to utilizing medical services were gender, various pain characteristics, school absenteeism and disability. Although consulters reported to be less physically fit and less satisfied with health, their parents were better adapted to the pain, by talking and sharing, mutual support, normalization of the child and heightened self-esteem, than non-consulters. Prospective studies are needed to test causality of coping on care-seeking behavior.

Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience.

Little is known about the epidemiology of pain in children. We studied the prevalence of pain in Dutch children aged from 0 to 18 years in the open population, and the relationship with age, gender and pain parameters. A random sample of 1300 children aged 0-3 years was taken from the register of population in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. In the Rotterdam area, 27 primary schools and 14 secondary schools were selected to obtain a representative sample of 5336 children aged 4-18 years. Depending on the age of the child, a questionnaire was either mailed to the parents (0-3 years) or distributed at school (4-18 years). Of 6636 children surveyed, 5424 (82%) responded; response rates ranged from 64 to 92%, depending on the subject age and who completed the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 54% had experienced pain within the previous 3 months. Overall, a quarter of the respondents reported chronic pain (recurrent or continuous pain for more than 3 months). The prevalence of chronic pain increased with age, and was significantly higher for girls (P<0.001). In girls, a marked increase occurred in reporting chronic pain between 12 and 14 years of age. The most common types of pain in children were limb pain, headache and abdominal pain. Half of the respondents who had experienced pain reported to have multiple pain, and one-third of the chronic pain sufferers experienced frequent and intense pain. These multiple pains and severe pains were more often reported by girls (P<0.001). The intensity of pain was higher in the case of chronic pain (P<0. 001) and multiple pains (P<0.001), and for chronic pain the intensity was higher for girls (P<0.001). These findings indicate that chronic pain is a common complaint in childhood and adolescence. In particular, the high prevalence of severe chronic pain and multiple pain in girls aged 12 years and over calls for follow-up investigations documenting the various bio-psycho-social factors related to this pain.