ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Restraint is often used when administering procedures to children. However, no metrologically scale to measure the restraint intensity had yet been validated. This study validated the metrological criteria of a scale measuring the restraint intensity, Procedural Restraint Intensity in Children (PRIC), used during procedures in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: The PRIC scale performance was measured by a group of 7 health professionals working in a children's hospital, by watching 20 videos of health care procedures. This group included 2 physicians, 1 pediatric resident, and 4 nurses. The intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the inter-rater and test-retest reliability and the construct validity with the correlation between PRIC scale and a numerical rating scale. RESULTS: One hundred and forty measurements were made. Inter-rater and test-retest correlation coefficients were 0.98 and 0.98, respectively. The 2 scales were positively correlated with a Spearman coefficient of 0.93. CONCLUSIONS: This study validated the Procedural Restraint Intensity in Children (PRIC) scale in metrological terms with some limitation. However, there is not gold standard scale to precisely validate the reliability of this tool and this study has been conducted in "experimental" conditions. Nevertheless, this is the first scale measuring the intensity of physical restraint with a metrological validation. The next step will be to validate it in real clinical situations.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of migraine in individuals younger than 20 years old is 8%, with a mean age at onset of younger than 8 years. However, the long-term prognosis of migraine attacks has not been clearly established. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to evaluate disease course 10 years after migraine diagnosis in a cohort of children and adolescents. METHODS: Migraine was diagnosed in 1999 in a pediatric headache reference center using International Headache Society criteria. In 2009, all patients were interviewed by telephone on the persistence and characteristics of any headaches. The main end point was prevalence of persistent migraine attacks in 2009. Variables associated with persistent attacks were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 142 children were diagnosed with migraine in 1999. Of these, 84 were interviewed by telephone in 2009. In 1999, the mean age was 11.6 ± 3.1 years, 54% were male, and 50% had migraine without aura. Migraine attacks were common (1-3 attacks/week in 38%). Mean age at onset was 7 years and 4 months (±3 years). In 2009, migraine prevalence was 39/84 (46% [95% confidence interval 36-56]), 12 patients (14%) were headache-free, and 62 patients (74%) had tension-type headaches that were isolated headaches in 33 (39%) patients. The rate of patients with at least one migraine attack per week fell from 37% to 8% (P = 0.001) over the 10-year period. Age at the first visit to the center was significantly higher in 2009 migraine sufferers than nonsufferers (12.5 ± 3.0 versus 10.9 ± 3.1 years (P = 0.02)). In multivariate analysis, age ≥12 years at the time of first presentation was the only significant factor associated with long-term chronic migraine (odds ratio = 3.0 [1.1-8.0]). CONCLUSIONS: Ten years after first presentation, 46% of patients had migraine but the frequency of attacks had diminished. The only factor associated with chronic migraine was age ≥12 years at first presentation.
Subject(s)
Migraine Disorders/diagnosis , Child , Early Diagnosis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Migraine Disorders/epidemiology , Multivariate Analysis , Prevalence , Tension-Type Headache/diagnosis , Tension-Type Headache/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Created in 2002 in the framework of the 2nd national plan for pain, the Centre of national resources for pain management (CNRD) is devoted to procedural pain prevention and management. It works with professionals providing information and training, logistical and methodological assistance, support with research and the development of new practices.
