ABSTRACT
In a changing environmental scenario, acid rain can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. Acidification is known to produce corrosion in metals, hence increasing their harmful effects on the environment, organisms and human health. The prevalent use of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in everyday products raises concerns regarding exposure and nanotoxicity even in these acidified conditions. We thus report on the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of nickel oxide (NiO-NP) and zinc oxide (ZnO-NP) NPs when suspended in aqueous media in light of pH variations (7.5 and 5). A modified microsuspension method of the Salmonella/microsome assay was adopted, and strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102) were exposed to NPs (10-1280 µg/plate) with and without a metabolization fraction. The acidic condition favored disaggregation and caused a decrease in NPs size. Mutagenicity was observed in all samples and different strains, with greater DNA base pair substitution damage (TA100 and TA102), but extrinsic conditions (pH) suggest different action mechanisms of NiO-NP and ZnO-NP on genetic content. Mutagenic activity was found to increase upon metabolic activation (TA98, TA100, and TA102) demonstrating the bioactivity of NiO-NP and ZnO-NP in relation to metabolites generated by the mammalian p450 system in vitro. Modifications in the Salmonella assay methodology increased cell exposure time. The observed responses recommend this modified assay as one of the methodologies of choice for nanoecotoxicological evaluation. These findings emphasize the significance of incorporating the environmental context when evaluating the toxicity of metal-based NPs.
