Effect of Static Stretching on Agonists, Antagonists, and Agonist-Antagonist Combination on Total Training Volume.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static stretching (SS) of agonists and antagonists between sets on the total training volume (TTV) performed across multiple sets for the leg extension exercise. Twelve male subjects with experience in resistance training (RT) participated in this study. Subjects performed 10 repetition maximum (10RM) test and retest trials for the leg extension exercise. Four different protocols were randomly applied as follows: quadriceps stretching (AG); hamstrings stretching (AN); quadriceps and hamstrings stretching (AGN); and traditional control without stretching (TR). Significant differences (p≤0.05) were observed in the TTV between the AG (4855.42 ± 1279.38 kg) and AN (6002.08 ± 1805.18 kg), AGN (5977.50 ± 1778.49 kg), and TR (6206.04 ± 1796.15 kg) protocols. These results suggest that when practicing inter-set SS, it should be done for antagonist rather than agonist muscles when the intent is to maximize TTV.

Orofacial evaluation of individuals with temporomandibular disorder after LED therapy associated or not of occlusal splint: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical study.

This study compared the effects of LED therapy associated with occlusal splint (OS) on the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 70 TMD patients were randomly divided into six groups. The volunteers received the following treatments: Group 1 (G1) was the control and received only conventional therapy with OS; Group 2 (G2) was the placebo and received treatment with OS and therapy with LED (device turned off); Group 3 (G3) LED therapy (infrared,) once a week; Group 4 (G4) LED therapy (infrared) twice a week; Group 5 (G5) OS associated with LED (infrared) therapy (once a week); Group 6 (G6) received OS therapy plus infrared LED (two sessions per week). The patients were evaluated before, after, and 30 days after treatment. The pain intensity in masticatory system was recorded at each interval. The evaluation of the electromyographic signals (EMG) of the muscles (masseter and temporal) and blood lactate was performed before and after treatment. The associated groups presented better clinical results in relation to the control. The associated groups showed significant differences (p < 0.05) from control in the analysis of pain intensity and in decrease of the RMS value (EMG analysis). In the intragroup analysis, the volunteers in G6 exhibited a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in blood lactate. In conclusion, the association of LED therapy and OS presented superior results in relation to the isolated therapies, especially the protocol with two weekly sessions.

Potential of Alternative Sources for Electric Power Generation in the State of Paraná

Abstract The State of Paraná stands out in Brazil for its hydraulic potential for electricity generation. Furthermore, the State also shows potential for the use of other sources of energy, such as solar energy, biogas and biomass. The study traces the profile of electric energy consumption and compiles analysis of the alternative energy potentials of Paraná on the use of solar energy, the biomass of forest residues and agricultural crops, the generation of biogas through the residues of farmed animals and the urban solids residues. The work took account for the estimates, the logistical limitations for the biomass or biogas collection and the real availability of the wastes in terms of viability of exploration through distributed generation plants. The use of the business analytics software Tableau Desktop 2020.3.2® made possible the open data analysis at the municipal level. The paper provides realistic estimates about the feasibility of the use of alternative energy sources in the State of Paraná.

Effect of Modified Laser Transcutaneous Irradiation on Pain and Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy.

Background: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the major complications developed by individuals with diabetes mellitus. DN is responsible for a high morbidity and mortality rate and impacts the public health and medical assistance resources. Intradermic laser irradiation on blood (ILIB) consists of the application of light beams on the radial arterial, providing anti-inflammatory and vasodilator effects, antiarrhythmic action, reduction of glucose, and stabilization of the hormonal and immunological systems. These effects help to maintain the physiological dynamics of the body. Objective: The goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of ILIB to relieve pain and improve the quality of life in DN patients. The sample comprised 30 diabetic volunteers with DN, randomly distributed into 3 groups: Control-conventional treatment; ILIB-100 mW, 660 ± 10 nm, 30 applications in total, divided into 3 stages of 10 applications, 30 min each, daily, with a 20-day interval between each stage; SILIB-same protocol described for ILIB, with the equipment switched off. Before and after the application of the therapeutic protocols, all volunteers were evaluated by the following instruments: Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), visual analog scale, Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), and PAIN DETECT scale. Collected data were statistically analyzed with a 95% confidence interval, p < 0.05. Results: The ILIB group presented significantly lower pain levels and a better quality of life compared with the control and SILIB groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that ILIB therapy was effective in reducing pain and improving quality of life in patients with DN.

Systematic Review of Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) on the Experimental Calcaneal Tendon Injury in Rats.

This systematic review analyzed the light parameters and the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) through low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or LED (light-emitting diode) on tendon repair of rats submitted to calcaneal injury. This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-Analysis, and PubMed and MEDLINE databases were accessed to search eligible studies published in English. The search terms were as follows: "Achilles tendon" or "Calcaneal tendon" or "tendon injuries" or "soft tissue injuries" and "tendinopathy" or "tendinitis" and "low-level light therapy" or "low-level laser therapy" or "low intensity power therapy" or "light-emitting diode" or photobiomodulation." The SYRCLE (SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation) risks of bias was used to assess the risk of bias for selected studies. A total of 225 studies were found based on the descriptors used, and only 33 studies were eligible. Light parameters identified per point of irradiation were approximately 60 mW (continuous mode at infrared spectra), 2 W cm-2 , 2 J and 45 J cm-2 . Light parameters at red spectra, continuous versus pulsed mode, and PBMT combined or compared with other therapies such as ultrasound, and studies using unhealthy rats (ovariectomized and/or diabetic models) were also identified and grouped according to these similarities. The main effects found were decreased inflammatory markers and signs of inflammatory process. PBMT (laser/LED) has positive effects in reducing the inflammatory and time for tissue repair in animal models of tendon injury and/or tendinitis using parameters identified.

Effects of Therapy with Light Emitting Diode (LED) in the Calcaneal Tendon Lesions of Rats: A Literature Review.

The objective of this review was to analyze original articles about the effects of therapy with LED in experimental models of calcaneal tendon lesions of rats. The search was performed in the period from February to May 2018, in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, SciELO, and LILACS, besides the Google Scholar, using the descriptors "Achilles tendon", "Rats", "LED", "Tendinopathy", and "Low-level Light Therapy", as well as their matching parts in the Portuguese and Spanish languages, related to and in association with the relevant terms to the content sought. From the descriptors used 215 works were found. After application of eligibility criteria 8 works were selected, in which positive results were found after the application of the LED. Regarding the main results found with phototherapy, we observed a significant reduction in inflammation. Only one article mentioned little reduction of inflammation. In relation to the number of sessions, there was wide variation, with an average of approximately 5 sessions every 24 hours. Studies in this review pointed out, therefore, positive results in the repair of the calcaneal tendon after therapy with irradiation LED; however, carrying out more experimental studies that help the standardization of parameters to be used in this therapy for further clinical studies becomes necessary.

Association of facial massage, dry needling, and laser therapy in Temporomandibular Disorder: case report.

This case report aims to evaluate the treatment of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) of muscular origin by associating facial massage (FM), dry needling (DN), and low-level laser therapy (LLLT). The pre- and post-treatment evaluations consisted of clinical examinations based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for TMD, pain intensity quantification by means of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), mandibular movement measurement, and electromyographic (EMG) analysis of the masseter and temporal muscles. Post-therapy assessment indicated a decrease in pain sites of 58%, in pain intensity mean (1.3), and an increase in the maximum aperture of 10 mm, in addition to normalization of EMG signals. We conclude that, after application of the treatment protocol, there was a decrease in painful sites, gain in amplitude of mandibular movements, and normalization of EMG activity.

Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of led (λ627 ± 10 nm) on the initial phase of ankle sprain treatment: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Various therapies for the treatment of sprains have emerged as advances occur in biomedical engineering and photobiology. Therapy with coherent and non-coherent light is a treatment modality for various musculoskeletal injuries. The main certified phototherapy benefits are the reduction of nociceptive processes and the modulation of the inflammatory process, among others. The objective of this study was to analyse the changes caused by the use of light-emitting diodes (LED) (λ627 ± 10 nm) with an energy density of 10 J/cm2 in 40 subjects divided into two groups (20 placebo and 20 LED). All of the volunteers had acute ankle sprains by inversion of grade II treated with the PRICE (protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation) technique and were treated for 6 days with LED therapy and LED therapy turned off (placebo). Pain assessment was performed on the 1st, 3rd and 6th days using the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, the McGill Pain Questionnaire and volumetry. The group treated with LED showed statistically decreased pain compared to the placebo group in both the VAS (85.79 vs 55.73%) and McGill questionnaire (83.33 vs 52.52%). The reduction of oedema in the LED group on the 3rd and 6th days after therapy was statistically superior to that in the placebo (p < 0.0001). Based on the results of this study, treatment with LED, using the tested dose, is effective for pain and oedema in the initial phase of ankle sprains.

Association of facial massage, dry needling, and laser therapy in Temporomandibular Disorder: case report / Associação entre massagem facial, agulhamento a seco e laserterapia no tratamento da Disfunção Temporomandibular: relato de caso

ABSTRACT This case report aims to evaluate the treatment of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) of muscular origin by associating facial massage (FM), dry needling (DN), and low-level laser therapy (LLLT). The pre- and post-treatment evaluations consisted of clinical examinations based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for TMD, pain intensity quantification by means of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), mandibular movement measurement, and electromyographic (EMG) analysis of the masseter and temporal muscles. Post-therapy assessment indicated a decrease in pain sites of 58%, in pain intensity mean (1.3), and an increase in the maximum aperture of 10 mm, in addition to normalization of EMG signals. We conclude that, after application of the treatment protocol, there was a decrease in painful sites, gain in amplitude of mandibular movements, and normalization of EMG activity.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente relato de caso é avaliar a associação entre a Massagem Facial (MF), Agulhamento a Seco (AS) e Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade (TLBI) no tratamento da Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) de origem muscular. Paciente com DTM crônica foi submetida a 4 sessões de associação entre a MF, AS e TLBI. A avaliação inicial e final foi composta por exame clínico baseado nos Critérios diagnósticos de pesquisa para DTM (RDC - Research Diagnostic Criteria), quantificação da intensidade da dor por meio da Escala visual analógica de dor, mensuração dos movimentos mandibulares e análise eletromiográfica (EMG) dos músculos masseter e temporal. Na pós-terapia, foi observada a redução de 58% dos sítios dolorosos, da média (1,3) da intensidade de dor e aumento de 10 mm na abertura máxima, além da normalização dos sinais EMG. Conclui-se que, após a aplicação de protocolo de tratamento, houve a redução dos sítios dolorosos, ganho de amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares e normalização da atividade EMG.

Efeito da terapia LED na disfunção temporomandibular: estudo de caso / Effect of LED therapy on temporomandibular disorder: a case study

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito da terapia light emitting diode (LED) na disfunção temporomandibular. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Uma paciente diagnosticada com disfunção temporomandibular foi submetida a quatros sessões de terapia LED com intervalo de sete dias entre as irradiações. No exame inicial da articulação temporomandibular a paciente apresentava abertura de boca sem dor de 23 mm, abertura máxima de 25 mm e abertura máxima com auxílio de 27 mm. Após o tratamento houve aumento de 7 mm na abertura sem dor entre a primeira e a última avaliação enquanto que a abertura máxima de boca e a abertura máxima com auxílio aumentaram 6 mm entre a primeira e a última avaliação. Após 21 dias de tratamento detectou-se redução de 50% dos sítios dolorosos ao exame de palpação. Após o final do tratamento, a escala visual analógica de dor detectou diminuição da intensidade de dor em ambos os lados, e houve diminuição da média total da intensidade de dor. Pela análise das respostas ao questionário Medical Outcomes Study 36- item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), dos oito domínios de qualidade de vida avaliados, quatro apresentaram melhora. CONCLUSÕES: No protocolo empregado neste caso, após a terapia LED houve redução da intensidade da dor e aumento da amplitude de movimentos mandibulares. A remissão dos sinais e sintomas da disfunção temporomandibular resultou em melhora na qualidade de vida da paciente.

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of light emitting diode (LED) therapy on temporomandibular disorder. CASE DESCRIPTION: A woman diagnosed with temporomandibular disorder was subjected to four LED therapy sessions at a seven-day interval. In the initial examination of the temporomandibular joint the patient presented a mouth opening without pain of 23 mm, a maximum opening of 25 mm and a maximum opening with the aid of 27 mm. After the treatment, there was an increase of 7 mm in the opening without pain between the first and last evaluation, while the maximum opening of the mouth and the maximum opening with aid increased 6 mm between the first and last evaluation. After 21 days of treatment, a 50% reduction in painful sites was detected on the palpation examination. After the end of the treatment, the visual analog pain scale detected a decrease in pain intensity on both sides, and there was a decrease in the total mean pain intensity. By analyzing the responses to the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), of the eight quality of life domains evaluated, four showed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: In this case study, after LED therapy there was reduction in pain intensity and increase of the mandibular range of motion. The resolution of the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder resulted in patient's better quality of life.

Assessing the biochemical changes of tendons of rats in an experimental model of tenotomy under therapeutic ultrasound and LEDs (625 and 945 nm) by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy.

Given the complexity of the tendon repair process, where the neoformed scar tissue tends to prevent or hamper the tendon from performing its normal functions, ultrasound (US) and light-emitting diode (LED) devices have been applied to modulate the tendon repair process. This study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory and healing effects of therapeutic US and LED in an experimental model of tenotomy using histomorphometry and Raman spectroscopy. Forty Wistar rats (235 ± 8.3 g) were separated into four groups: tenotomy (TC; control), tenotomy associated with ultrasound (US; 1 MHz, 0.5 W/cm(2)), tenotomy associated with LED at 625 nm (LR; 4 J/cm(2)), and tenotomy associated with LED at 945 nm (LIR; 4 J/cm(2)), in two experimental periods of 7 and 14 days. Histomorphometry showed a decrease of inflammatory cells (macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes) for the group treated with US compared to the TC group (ANOVA, p < 0.0001) and the LIR group compared to the TC group (p < 0.05) at the seventh day, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. In relation to the LR and TC groups, there was no significant difference. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the LR group presented an increased synthesis of collagen I compared to the other treatments and the TC groups on the 14th day (p < 0.01). US therapy showed an adjuvant effect with anti-inflammatory action, and the LED therapy at 625 nm showed an increase in collagen synthesis, contributing to the process of tendon healing.