Pathophysiology and mechanisms of hearing impairment related to neonatal infection diseases.

The inner ear, the organ of equilibrium and hearing, has an extraordinarily complex and intricate arrangement. It contains highly specialized structures meticulously tailored to permit auditory processing. However, hearing also relies on both peripheral and central pathways responsible for the neuronal transmission of auditory information from the cochlea to the corresponding cortical regions. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of all components forming the auditory system is key to better comprehending the pathophysiology of each disease that causes hearing impairment. In this narrative review, the authors focus on the pathophysiology as well as on cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to hearing loss in different neonatal infectious diseases. To accomplish this objective, the morphology and function of the main structures responsible for auditory processing and the immune response leading to hearing loss were explored. Altogether, this information permits the proper understanding of each infectious disease discussed.

Lack of voluntary interest and difficulty making eye contact are the most discriminative behaviors of the ASQ:SE and might suggest delays: Results from a large-scale assessment.

BACKGROUND: Every child is unique, but development tends to occur in predictable steps and stages. The early identification of infants who face developmental delays is critical, boosting the use of screening tools to determine risks for delays. The city of Rio de Janeiro conducted a large-scale assessment of children who were enrolled in educational facilities using the Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE). OBJECTIVES: We examined the internal structure of the ASQ:SE and its most discriminative items of risks of delays in development among 12- to 60-month-old children. The trajectory of the discrimination parameter of eight anchor items was used to check how well they inform the risk of social-emotional competence delays throughout development. METHODS: Data from 79,332 children (1-5 years) were analyzed via Samejima Graded Response model of Item Response Theory (IRT). The discrimination (a) and threshold (b) parameters were computed, and errors were achieved via maximum likelihood. Data/codes are available at https://osf.io/by6sf/. RESULTS: (a) Item Response Theory analyses supported the unidimensionality of data via the root mean square error of approximation and standardized root mean square residual results (RMSEA). (b) The lack of voluntary interest was the most discriminative risk behavior in the first 5 years. (c) Lack of interest was the most persistent risk behavior. (d) Difficulty making eye contact was nearly as informative as lack of interest. CONCLUSION: Lack of voluntary interest in things should be considered a critical risk-related behavior, and making eye contact is a vital aspect of typical development. Both behaviors may be predictors of children's delays.MAIN OUTCOMESThe ASQ:SE is a valid and reliable tool to measure child development.The internal structure of the ASQ:SE is well-fitted with a unidimensional solution.A child's age is a vital aspect of the discrimination parameter of the IRT model.Lack of interest in things and difficulty making eye contact are critical risk-related behaviors.

Effects of long-term exposure to MST-312 on lung cancer cells tumorigenesis: Role of SHH/GLI-1 axis.

Replicative immortality is a key feature of cancer cells and it is maintained by the expression of telomerase, a promising target of novel therapies. Long-term telomerase inhibition can induce resistance, but the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. The Sonic hedgehog pathway (SHH) is an embryogenic pathway involved in tumorigenesis and modulates the transcription of telomerase. We evaluated the effects of long-term treatment of the telomerase inhibitor MST-312 in morphology, proliferation, resistance, and in the SHH pathway molecules expression levels in lung cancer cells. Cells treated for 12 weeks with MST-312 showed changes in morphology, such as spindle-shaped cells, and a shift in the distribution of F-ACTIN from cortical to diffuse. Treatment also significantly reduced cells' efficiency to form spheroids and their clonogenic potential, independently of the cell cycle and telomeric DNA content. Moreover, GLI-1 expression levels were significantly reduced after 12 weeks of MST-312 treatment, indicating a possible inhibition of this signaling axis in the SHH pathway, without hindering NANOG and OCT4 expression. Here, we described a novel implication of long-term treatment with MST-312 functionally and molecularly, shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms of this drug in vitro.

Crenças de professores e pais sobre o desenvolvimento da criança durante a pré-escola / Teacher and parent's beliefs about child development during preschool / Creencias de los maestros y padres sobre el desarrollo del niño durante la etapa preescolar

Este estudo objetivou investigar e comparar as crenças de pais, mães e professoras sobre o desenvolvimento da criança de quatro a cinco anos de pré-escolas públicas e privadas do município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram deste estudo dois pais e 14 mães; 15 professoras da rede particular de ensino do Rio de Janeiro e; um pai, 13 mães e 16 professoras da rede municipal de ensino da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Para coletar os dados, utilizou-se uma entrevista semiaberta respondida individualmente por pais, mães e professoras. Para interpretá-los, a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram maior valorização ao desenvolvimento cognitivo feita pelos pais dos dois grupos, todavia os professores de ambos os grupos apresentaram maior valorização do desenvolvimento social das crianças dessa idade.

This study aimed to investigate and compare the beliefs of parents, mothers and teachers about the development of children aged four to five years old in public and private preschools in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Two fathers, 14 mothers and 15 teachers from private schools and one father, 13 mothers and 16 teachers from municipal schools in Rio de Janeiro participated in this study. To collect the data, a semi-open interview was used, answered individually by fathers, mothers and teachers. To interpret them, content analysis was adopted. The results indicated a greater appreciation for the cognitive development by the parents of the two groups, however, the teachers of both groups showed greater appreciation for the social development of children of that age.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar y comparar las creencias de los padres, madres y maestros sobre el desarrollo de niños de cuatro a cinco años en etapa preescolar, de escuelas públicas y privadas en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Dos padres y 14 madres participaron en este estudio; 15 maestros de escuelas privadas en Río de Janeiro y un padre, 13 madres y 16 maestros de escuelas municipales en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Para recopilar los datos se realizó una entrevista semiabierta respondida individualmente por padres, madres y maestras. Para interpretar los datos se utilizó el análisis de contenido. Los resultados indicaron una mayor apreciación del desarrollo cognitivo realizado por los padres de los dos grupos, sin embargo, los maes-tros de ambos grupos mostraron una mayor apreciación del desarrollo social de los niños de esa edad.

ctDNA as a cancer biomarker: A broad overview.

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in fluids has gained attention because ctDNA seems to identify tumor-specific abnormalities, which could be used for diagnosis, follow-up of treatment, and prognosis: the so-called liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive approach and presents the sum of ctDNA from primary and secondary tumor sites. It has been possible not only to quantify the amount of ctDNA but also to identify (epi)genetic changes. Specific mutations in genes have been identified in the plasma of patients with several types of cancer, which highlights ctDNA as a possible cancer biomarker. However, achieving detectable concentrations of ctDNA in body fluids is not an easy task. ctDNA fragments present a short half-life, and there are no cut-off values to discriminate high and low ctDNA concentrations. Here, we discuss the use of ctDNA as a cancer biomarker, the main methodologies, the inherent difficulties, and the clinical predictive value of ctDNA.

Cyclopamine sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide treatment through Sonic hedgehog pathway.

AIM: Glioblastoma is an extremely aggressive glioma, resistant to radio and chemotherapy usually performed with temozolomide. One of the main reasons for glioblastoma resistance to conventional therapies is due to the presence of cancer stem-like cells. These cells could recapitulate some signaling pathways important for embryonic development, such as Sonic hedgehog. Here, we investigated if the inhibitor of the Sonic hedgehog pathway, cyclopamine, could potentiate the temozolomide effect in cancer stem-like cells and glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. MAIN METHODS: The viability of glioblastoma cells exposed to cyclopamine and temozolomide treatment was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay while the induction of apoptosis was assessed by western blot. The stemness properties of glioma cells were verified by clonogenic and differentiation assay and the expression of stem cell markers were measured by fluorescence microscopy and western blot. KEY FINDINGS: The glioblastoma viability was reduced by cyclopamine treatment. Cyclopamine potentiated temozolomide treatment in glioblastoma cell lines by inducing apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 cleaved. Conversely, the combined treatment of cyclopamine and temozolomide potentiated the stemness properties of glioblastoma cells by inducing the expression of SOX-2 and OCT-4. SIGNIFICANCE: Cyclopamine plays an effect on glioblastoma cell lines but also sensibilize them to temozolomide treatment. Thus, first-line treatment with Sonic hedgehog inhibitor followed by temozolomide could be used as a new therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma patients.

Homoparentalidade masculina e os sistemas de cuidados parentais / Gay men parenthood and the parenting system

Com o surgimento de novos modelos de configurações familiares, dentre eles as famílias homoparentais, a parentalidade possibilita dar conta das relações instituídas, consequência dos novos arranjos e laços familiares que vão além dos vínculos biológicos e considerando a importância do aspecto social nas funções parentais. Os seres humanos possuem uma predisposição a um conjunto de sistemas parentais independentes e a mecanismos interacionais que formam alianças sociais. Esses sistemas podem ser definidos como conjuntos de comportamentos que podem ser desempenhados por qualquer pessoa, entre eles: cuidado primário, contato corporal, estimulação corporal, estimulação por objeto, contato face a face e envelope narrativo. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi investigar a valorização dos sistemas de cuidado parental em homens cuidadores residentes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que estejam em relações homoafetivas e que possuam filhos com idade até 11 anos. A partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observou-se uma valorização dos sistemas de cuidados parentais de contato corporal e contato face-a-face, ressaltando a importância do afeto na constituição dessas famílias, descrito, por alguns entrevistados, como essencial para a construção da homoparentalidade. Os achados contribuem, ainda que de maneira preliminar, aos estudos das famílias homoparentais, possibilitando reflexões e discussões à temática.

With the emergence of new family settings, including homoparental families, the concept of parenthood helps us rethink family beyond biological links, considering the importance of social aspects in parental functions. It is believed that human beings have a predisposition to a set of independent parental systems and to interactional mechanisms that form social alliances. These systems can be defined as behavior sets that can be performed by anyone, namely: primary care, body contact, body stimulation, object stimulation, face-to-face contact and narrative envelope. This paper aimed to investigate the value of parental care systems in male caregivers residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who are in homoaffective relationships and have children until 11 years old. Based on semi-structured interviews, we observed a valuation of parental care systems of body and face-to-face contacts, emphasizing the importance of affection in the constitution of these families, which, in its turn, was described by some interviewees as essential for the construction of homoparentality. The results contribute, although in a preliminary way, to studies of homoparental families, allowing for reflections and discussions on the theme.

Profiles and Developmental Goals in Different Families of Rio de Janeiro / Perfis e Metas de Desenvolvimento em Diferentes Arranjos Familiares do Rio de Janeiro / Perfiles y Metas de Desarrollo en Diferentes Tipos de Familia de Rio de Janeiro

Abstract The study of child development goals has been of interest in psychology for decades, however, little is known about the goals of non-nuclear families. The objective of this study was to analyze inter and intragroup differences in the profiles of autonomy, interdependence and related autonomy of couples in different family arrangements in the city of Rio de Janeiro, as well as to investigate the association of these profiles with the development goals they have for their families' children. Fathers and mothers of children up to two years old were interviewed in 50 families (10 single-parent, 20 reconstituted and 20 nuclear). The results indicated an association between the autonomy and valorization of heteronomy goals in reconstituted families and higher interdependence scores in non-nuclear families. It is concluded that the family configuration can influence the relationship between autonomy and goals, and that the autonomy trajectories vary between family arrangements.

Resumo O estudo das metas de desenvolvimento infantil tem sido alvo de interesse na psicologia há décadas, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre as metas de famílias não nucleares. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar diferenças inter e intragrupos nos perfis de autonomia, interdependência e autonomia relacionada de casais em diferentes arranjos familiares na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, assim como investigar a associação destes perfis com as metas de desenvolvimento que estes possuem para os seus filhos. Foram entrevistados pais e mães de crianças de até dois anos em 50 famílias (10 monoparentais, 20 reconstituídas e 20 nucleares). Os resultados indicaram associação entre autonomia e valorização de metas de heteronomia em famílias reconstituídas e os escores mais elevados de interdependência em famílias não nucleares. Conclui-se que a configuração familiar pode influenciar a relação entre autonomia e metas, e que as trajetórias de autonomia variam entre os arranjos familiares.

Resumen El estudio de las metas de desarrollo infantil ha sido objeto de interés en la psicología desde hace décadas, sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre las metas de familias no nucleares. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar diferencias inter e intragrupos en los perfiles de autonomía, interdependencia y autonomía relacionada de parejas en diferentes tipos familiares en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, así como investigar la asociación de estos perfiles con las metas de desarrollo que poseen para sus niños. Se entrevistaron a padres y madres de niños de hasta dos años en 50 familias (10 monoparentales, 20 reconstituidas y 20 nucleares). Los resultados indicaron asociación entre autonomía y valorización de metas de heteronomía en familias reconstituidas y las puntuaciones más elevados de interdependencia en familias no nucleares. Se concluye que la configuración familiar puede influenciar en la relación entre autonomía y metas, y que las trayectorias de autonomía varían entre los arreglos familiares.

Metas de socialização de pais e mães de diferentes configurações familiares do Rio de Janeiro / Parents' socialization goals of different family settings in Rio de Janeiro / Metas de socialización de padres y madres de diferentes configuraciones familiares de Río de Janeiro

As metas de socialização têm a sua construção mediada pelas crenças parentais e, por conseguinte, pela cultura, sendo de considerável relevância que sejam investigadas de acordo com os contextos nos quais estão inseridas. Com o objetivo de identificá-las em diferentes tipos de família, participaram do estudo 40 pais e mães residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com filhos entre sete e 11 anos de idade, de três configurações familiares: 10 casais de famílias nucleares, 10 mães de famílias mononucleares e cinco casais de famílias reconstituídas. Foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico para coletar dados como idade, gênero e tipo de família e o Inventário de metas de socialização/desenvolvimento para identificar as trajetórias de socialização. Os resultados apontaram que não houve diferenças significativas entre autonomia e relação na amostra geral (Z=-0,96; p>0,05),assim como, não houve diferenças significativas na comparação entre pais e mães nem na dimensão de autonomia (U=138,50; p>0,05), nem na dimensão de relação (U=163,50; p>0,05). Contudo, famílias nucleares tenderam para metas autônomo-relacionais, enquanto famílias mononucleares e reconstituídas para metas relacionais. Tais resultados sugerem, portanto, a relevância em considerar a pluralidade de arranjos familiares nas investigações das metas de socialização.(AU)

Parents' socialization goals have its construction mediated by parental beliefs and therefore by culture, so it's considerably relevant that they be investigated according to the contexts in which they are inserted. In order to identify socialization goals of different family types, 40 parents resident in Rio de Janeiro with children between 7 and 11 years old participated in the study. They belonged to three family settings: 10 couples of nuclear families, 10 single mothers of parent families and 5 couples of remarried families. A sociodemographic questionnaire was used to collect data such as age, gender and family type. And the Inventory of socialization/development goals was used to identify the socialization trajectories. Results did not reveal significant differences between autonomy and relatedness in general sample (Z=-0,96; p>0,05). As well as did not reveal significant differences in comparison between mothers and fathers, nor in autonomy dimension (U=138,50; p>0,05) neither in relatedness dimension (U=163,50; p>0,05).. However, nuclear families tended to autonomous relational goals, whereas single patents and remarried families tended for relational goals. Therefore, these results suggest the relevance of considering the plurality of family arrangements in investigation of socialization goals.(AU)

Las metas de socialización tienen su construcción mediada por las creencias parentales y, por consiguiente, por la cultura, siendo de considerable relevancia que sean investigadas de acuerdo con los contextos en los que están insertas. Con el objetivo de identificarlas en diferentes tipos de familia, participaron del estudio 40 padres y madres residentes en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, con hijos entre 7 y 11 años de edad, de tres configuraciones familiares: 10 parejas de familias nucleares, 10 madres de familias mononucleares y 5 parejas de familias reconstituidas. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico para recoger datos como edad, género y tipo de familia y el Inventario de metas de socialización/desarrollo para identificar las trayectorias de socialización. Los resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias significativas entre autonomía y relación en la muestra general (Z = -0,96; p> 0,05). Así como, no hubo diferencias significativas en la comparación entre padres y madres ni en la dimensión de autonomía (U=138,50; p>0,05) ni en la dimensión de relación (U=163,50; p>0,05). Sin embargo, las familias nucleares se inclinaron a metas autónoma-relacionales, mientras las familias mononucleares y reconstituidas a metas relacionales. Por lo tanto, tales resultados sugieren la relevancia de considerar la pluralidad de arreglos familiares en las investigaciones de las metas de socialización.(AU)

Microglia/Astrocytes-Glioblastoma Crosstalk: Crucial Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Factors.

In recent years, the functions of glial cells, namely, astrocytes and microglia, have gained prominence in several diseases of the central nervous system, especially in glioblastoma (GB), the most malignant primary brain tumor that leads to poor clinical outcomes. Studies showed that microglial cells or astrocytes play a critical role in promoting GB growth. Based on the recent findings, the complex network of the interaction between microglial/astrocytes cells and GB may constitute a potential therapeutic target to overcome tumor malignancy. In the present review, we summarize the most important mechanisms and functions of the molecular factors involved in the microglia or astrocytes-GB interactions, which is particularly the alterations that occur in the cell's extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. We overview the cytokines, chemokines, neurotrophic, morphogenic, metabolic factors, and non-coding RNAs actions crucial to these interactions. We have also discussed the most recent studies regarding the mechanisms of transportation and communication between microglial/astrocytes - GB cells, namely through the ABC transporters or by extracellular vesicles. Lastly, we highlight the therapeutic challenges and improvements regarding the crosstalk between these glial cells and GB.

Linguagem, Funções Executivas e Técnicas de Mapeamento Cerebral nos Primeiros Anos de Vida: Uma Revisão / Language, Executive Functions and Brain Mapping Techniques in Early Childhood: A Review / Lenguaje, Función Ejecutiva y Técnicas de Mapeo Cerebral en los Primeros Años de Vida: Una Revisión

Atualmente, diversas técnicas estão disponíveis para o estudo do ser humano e seu funcionamento. No que diz respeito ao funcionamento cerebral, técnicas de mapeamento cerebral como a eletroencefalografia (EEG), entre outras, nos oferecem insights importantes acerca das habilidades cognitivas, a forma na qual estas se manifestam a nível orgânico, não somente comportamental, e ainda como estas se desenvolvem ao longo da vida do indivíduo. Duas habilidades, amplamente estudadas em indivíduos adultos, mas ainda pouco exploradas na faixa etária mais jovem e, principalmente, em crianças, nos seus primeiros estágios do desenvolvimento, compreendem a linguagem e as funções executivas através das técnicas de mapeamento cerebral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica referente aos estudos que investigam os estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento destas funções, utilizando-se também do recurso da eletroencefalografia, apontando os benefícios dessas investigações para a área do desenvolvimento infantil. Apesar de ser um tema relevante para a Psicologia do Desenvolvimento, não foram identificados trabalhos, na literatura científica nacional, correlacionando estes três aspectos. Sugere-se a realização e publicação de estudos nacionais visando à adaptação e validação de instrumentos direcionados às etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento no ciclo vital.(AU)

Currently, several techniques are available for the study of the human body. Regarding brain functions, brain mapping techniques, such as electroencephalography (EEG), among others, offer important insights into cognitive abilities, the form in which they manifest not only behaviorally, but also at the organic level, and how they develop across the life span. Two skills widely studied in young adults, but still little explored through brain mapping in children at early stages of development, are language and executive functions. The aim of this study was to review the literature on studies investigating the early stages of development of these functions also using the EEG, pointing to the benefits of such investigations to the area of child development. Despite being a relevant topic to the field of developmental psychology, the number of scientific studies combining these three aspects is still very small. Research and publication of national studies are needed for the adaptation and validation of instruments specifically targeted at early development stages.(AU)

Actualmente, muchas técnicas están disponibles para el estudio del ser humano y su funcionamiento. Con respecto a las funciones del cerebro, las técnicas de mapeo cerebral, como la electroencefalografía (EEG), entre otros, pueden ofrecer pistas importantes sobre las habilidades cognitivas, la forma en que se manifiestan a nivel orgánico, no solamente conductual, también cómo éstos desarrollan durante la vida del individuo. Dos habilidades, ampliamente estudiadas en adultos, pero aún poco explorados en el grupo de edad más joven, y en especial en los niños en sus primeras etapas del desarrollo, comprenden el lenguaje y las funciones ejecutivas a través de las técnicas de mapeo cerebral. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura sobre los trabajos que investigan las primeras etapas del desarrollo de estas funciones, utilizando también la electroencefalografía, señalando los beneficios de tales investigaciones para el estudio del desarrollo infantil. A pesar de ser un tema relevante para la psicología del desarrollo, no fueron identificados trabajos, en la literatura científica nacional, correlacionando estos tres aspectos. Se sugiere la realización y publicación de estudios nacionales para la adaptación y validación de los instrumentos destinados a las primeras fases de desarrollo del ciclo vital.(AU)

A valorização da obediência infantil como meta de socialização em diferentes configurações familiares / Valorization of child obedience as socialization goal in different family settings / La valorización de la obediencia infantil como meta de socialización en diferentes configuraciones familiares

Estudos apontam que as metas de socialização da obediência são frequentemente valorizadas na criação de filhos. Contudo, a maior parte deles focaliza mães de famílias nucleares, não considerando a pluralidade de configurações familiares do contexto atual. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as metas de socialização da obediência infantil em famílias nucleares, monoparentais e reconstituídas. Participaram da pesquisa pais e mães de 50 famílias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com filhos de até dois anos de idade completos. Os participantes responderam ao Inventário de Metas de socialização/desenvolvimento (Keller et al., 2006). Os resultados não apontaram diferenças significativas na valorização das metas de socialização da obediência entre os três tipos de família. Famílias monoparentais, nucleares e reconstituídas valorizaram com a mesma intensidade a meta "aprender a obedecer aos pais" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) e a meta "aprender a obedecer as pessoas mais velhas" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099). No entanto, em famílias reconstituídas, foi observada uma maior valorização da obediência em pais e mães de meninas quando comparados a pais e mães de meninos (U=16, p=0.012). Além disso, em famílias monoparentais notou-se que quanto mais jovens são os filhos, mais valorizada é a obediência (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Entende-se que a aprendizagem da obediência aparece, de fato, como uma das mais importantes metas de socialização, na medida em que consiste em uma característica priorizada desde os primeiros anos de vida.

Literature shows that socialization goals related to obedience are frequently valued in childrearing practices. However, previous studies were mostly restricted to observation of maternal beliefs in groups of nuclear families, not fully considering the variety of family configurations in modern contexts. The present study aims at investigating socialization goals related to child obedience in nuclear, remarried and single parent families. Parents of 50 families from the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, constituted the sample, all with children up to two years of age. Participants filled the Socialization Goals Inventory (Keller et al., 2006). Results did not reveal significant differences in how parents valued socialization goals of obedience among the three different family types. Nuclear, remarried and single parent families valued the goal "learn to obey parents" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) and "learn to obey older people" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099) with the same intensity. However, in remarried families there was a higher valorization of obedience by parents of girls in comparison of parents of boys (U=16, p=0.012). Moreover, in single parent families, valorization of obedience was negatively correlated with the parents valorization of obedience, the younger their children, the more parents valued obedience as socialization goal (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Obedience appears to be highly valued by different types of Brazilian families, regardless of their configuration, and is prioritized since the first years of children's lives.

Los estudios apuntan que las metas de socialización de la obediencia se valoran en la crianza de hijos. Sin embargo, investigaciones anteriores detuvieron su foco de investigación en madres de familias nucleares, no considerando la pluralidad de configuraciones familiares del contexto actual. Siendo así, el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar las metas de socialización de la obediencia infantil en familias nucleares, monoparentales y reconstituidas. Participaron de la investigación padres y madres de 50 familias de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro con hijos de hasta dos años de edad completos. Los participantes respondieron al Inventario de Metas de socialización / desarrollo (Keller et al., 2006). Los resultados no apuntaron diferencias significativas en la valorización de las metas de socialización de la obediencia entre los tres tipos de familia. Familias nucleares, monoparentales y reconstituidas valoraron con la misma intensidad la meta "aprender a obedecer a los padres" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) y la meta "aprender a obedecer las personas mayores" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099). Sin embargo, en familias reconstituidas, se observó una mayor valoración de la obediencia en padres y madres de niñas cuando comparadas a padres y madres de niños (U=16, p=0.012). Además, en familias monoparentales, se notó que cuanto más jóvenes son los hijos, más valorada es la obediencia (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Se entiende que el aprendizaje de la obediencia aparece como una de las más importantes metas de socialización y consiste en una característica priorizada desde los primeros años de vida.

Concepções sobre autonomia em faixas etárias diversas / Conceptions of autonomy in different age groups

Resumo Autonomia e relação são tendências universais desenvolvidas ao longo da ontogênese, concomitantes com distintas fases psicossociais. A autonomia é compreendida como uma necessidade psicológica que não exclui a de relação com os outros e proximidade interpessoal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as crenças e concepções sobre autonomia em diferentes faixas etárias. Participaram 110 sujeitos, dentre eles crianças de 10 a 13 anos de idade; adolescentes entre 15 e 18 anos; jovens e adultos entre 20 e 50 anos; e adultos acima dos 50. Os participantes responderam um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e à questão de evocação de palavras ou expressões relacionadas a autonomia. Utilizando a análise de conteúdo temático-categorial, foram estabelecidas dez categorias, e as respostas foram classificadas de acordo com elas. Diferenças entre as faixas etárias foram encontradas, sendo que as categorias independência e senso de liberdade foram as mais frequentes. Os resultados sugerem o desenvolvimento de um processo contínuo com a construção da identidade se dando ao longo do ciclo vital.

Abstract Autonomy and relatedness are universal tendencies developed during ontogenesis in parallel with distinct psychosocial stages. Autonomy is understood as a psychological need that includes relatedness and proximity to others. The aim of the present study was to analyze the beliefs and ideas about autonomy in different age groups. A total of 110 subjects participated in this study: 10-13yo children; 15-18yo adolescents; 20-50yo adults; over 50yo adults. Participants answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and a question about evocation of words or phrases related to autonomy. Using Thematic-Categorical Content Analysis, ten categories were proposed, and the answers were classified according to them. Differences between age groups were found, and the categories denominated Independency and Sense of Freedom were the most frequent. The results suggest the development of a continuous process with identity construction occurring throughout the life cycle.

(-)-α-Bisabolol reduces orofacial nociceptive behavior in rodents.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effect of oral and topical administration of (-)-α-bisabolol (BISA) in rodent models of formalin- or cinnamaldehyde-induced orofacial pain and to explore the inhibitory mechanisms involved. Orofacial pain was induced by injecting 1.5% formalin into the upper lip of mice (20 µL) or into the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats (50 µL). In another experiment, orofacial pain was induced with cinnamaldehyde (13.2 µg/lip). Nociceptive behavior was proxied by time (s) spent rubbing the injected area and by the incidence of head flinching. BISA (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg p.o. or 50, 100, or 200 mg/mL topical) or vehicle was administered 60 min before pain induction. The two formulations (lotion and syrup) were compared with regard to efficacy. The effect of BISA remained after incorporation into the formulations, and nociceptive behavior decreased significantly in all tests. The high binding affinity observed for BISA and TRPA1 in the molecular docking study was supported by in vivo experiments in which HC-030031 (a TRPA1 receptor antagonist) attenuated pain in a manner qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that of BISA. Blockers of opioid receptors, NO synthesis, and K+ ATP channels did not affect orofacial pain, nor inhibit the effect of BISA. In conclusion, BISA had a significant anti-nociceptive effect on orofacial pain. The effect may in part be due to TRPA1 antagonism. The fact that the effect of BISA remained after incorporation into oral and topical formulations suggests that the compound may be a useful adjuvant in the treatment of orofacial pain.

Autonomia-Relacionada como Tendência do Desenvolvimento do Self: Novas Evidências em um Contexto Brasileiro / Related Autonomy as a Tendency in Development of the Self: New Evidence from a Brazilian Context

RESUMO Estudos brasileiros sobre as trajetórias de desenvolvimento do self, em sua maioria com mães de crianças pequenas, indicam predominância do modelo de autonomia-relacionada (AR). Visando ampliar a investigação dessa tendência, foram realizados dois estudos: (a) com avós(ôs), mães, pais e filhos (16-25 anos) e (b) quatro grupos de cuidadoras de crianças com até um ano, com níveis de escolaridade diversos, selecionados não aleatoriamente. Observamos predomínio de características de self AR para todos os participantes. O efeito da escolaridade sobre autonomia foi confirmado para os pais, a AR de pais e filhos (estudo 1), e de mães (estudo 2). Mães criadas no Rio de Janeiro (capital) apresentaram maiores escores de autonomia. A consistência familiar de modelo de self autônomo-relacionado foi evidenciada.

ABSTRACT Studies in Brazil on developmental trajectories of the self , mostly with mothers of young children, indicate a prevalence of the related autonomy model (RA). Aiming to broaden the investigation of this trend, two studies were realized: (a) with grandparents, mothers, fathers and their sons and daughters (16-25 years old), and (b) with four groups of caretakers of children up to one year old, with diverse educational levels, non-randomly selected. We observed predominance of RA self for all participants. The effect of school level over autonomy was confirmed for fathers, RA of fathers and sons and daughters (study 1), and of mothers (study 2). Mothers who were raised in Rio de Janeiro (state capital) had higher autonomy scores. The results support the family consistency of the related-autonomy model of development of the self.

Adaptação brasileira da Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) / Brazilian Adaptation of the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) / Adaptación brasileña de la Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES)

O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar a Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) para a população brasileira e verificar seus parâmetros psicométricos preliminares. O estudo foi desenvolvido em seis etapas: tradução da escala original; avaliação da escala traduzida por especialistas; avaliação da escala traduzida pelo público­alvo em grupos focais; retrotradução; piloto; coleta de dados com cem mães de crianças entre três e oito anos; avaliação da consistência interna e das correlações entre as sete reações maternas investigadas. Foram obtidos valores satisfatórios de consistência interna, com exceção das reações de desconforto. Além disso, as dimensões de reações maternas apresentaram correlações significativas em cada uma das subescalas (práticas apoiadoras e não apoiadoras da expressão emocional infantil). A avaliação preliminar da CCNES indica seu bom funcionamento, sinalizando que a versão adaptada pode ser submetida ao processo de validação.(AU)

The objective of this study was to adapt the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) to the Brazilian population and check its preliminary psychometric parameters. The study was developed in six stages: translation of the original scale; assessment of the scale translated by experts; assessment of the scale translated by the target audience in focus groups; back­translation; pilot; data collection with one hundred mothers of children aged between three and eight years; evaluation of internal consistency and correlations among the seven investigated maternal reactions. Satisfactory internal consistency values were obtained, except for the discomfort reactions. Furthermore, the dimensions of maternal reactions showed significant correlations in each of the subscales (supportive and non­supportive practices of children's emotional expression). The preliminary assessment of CCNES indicates its good operation, signaling that the adapted version can be submitted to the validation process.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio es presentar la versión traducida al portugués y adaptada de la Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) y comprobar sus parámetros psicométricos preliminares. El estudio se desarrolló en seis etapas: traducción de la escala original; evaluación de la escala traducida por expertos; evaluación de la escala traducida en grupos focales; retrotraducción; piloto; recopilación de datos con cien madres de niños de entre tres y ocho años; evaluación de la consistencia interna y de las correlaciones entre las siete reacciones maternas investigadas. Se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios de consistencia interna, con excepción de las reacciones de molestias. Además, las dimensiones de las reacciones maternas mostraron correlaciones significativas en cada una de las subescalas (la práctica de apoyo y de no apoyo a la expresión emocional del niño). La evaluación preliminar de CCNES indica su buen funcionamiento, señalando que la versión adaptada puede ser sometida al proceso de validación.(AU)

Development of a rapid phenotypic test for HCV protease inhibitors with potential use in clinical decisions.

Approximately 185 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The first-wave of approved NS3 protease inhibitors (PIs) were Telaprevir and Boceprevir, which are currently discontinued. Simeprevir is a second-wave PI incorporated into the Brazilian hepatitis C treatment protocol. Drug resistance plays a key role in patients' treatment regimen. Here, we developed a simple phenotypic assay to evaluate the impact of resistance mutations in HCV NS3 protease to PIs, using a protein expression vector containing wild type NS3 protease domain and NS4A co-factor. We analyzed the impact of five resistance mutations (T54A, V36M, V158I, V170I and T54S+V170I) against Telaprevir, Boceprevir and Simeprevir. Protein purifications were performed with low cost methodology, and enzymatic inhibition assays were measured by FRET. We obtained recombinant proteases with detectable activity, and IC50 and fold change values for the evaluated PIs were determined. The variant T54A showed the highest reduction of susceptibility for the PIs, while the other four variants exhibited lower levels of reduced susceptibility. Interestingly, V170I showed 3.2-fold change for Simeprevir, a new evidence about this variant. These results emphasize the importance of enzymatic assays in phenotypic tests to determine which therapeutic regimen should be implemented.

Metas parentais de socialização da emoção e modelos de self: uma articulação conceitual / Parental socialization goals of emotion and models of self: a conceptual articulation / Metas parentales de socialización de emoción y modelos del self: una articulación conceptual

Este artigo discute a necessidade de articulação entre os conceitos de metas parentais de socialização da emoção e os modelos de desenvolvimento do self, ressaltando-se a importância teórica disto. Para tanto, argumenta que o estudo das metas de socialização remete, forçosamente, à investigação daquilo que os pais almejam para os filhos, especialmente em termos de experiências emocionais e do desenvolvimento de um self mais autônomo, mais interdependente ou relacional, ou autônomo-relacional. O tema, com o foco aqui proposto, tem sido pouco explorado pela literatura PSI, posto que são escassos os estudos que se dedicaram a investigar tal associação. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de propor uma reflexão, a partir de algumas referências teóricas e empíricas, as quais serviram de subsídios para um debate sobre metas parentais e seu impacto no desenvolvimento emocional e do self, de maneira articulada. A partir dessa discussão, espera-se salientar a relevância de uma nova linha de pesquisa na área da psicologia do desenvolvimento que abarque essa temática, na perspectiva de integração desses conceitos, antes assimilados de forma desarticulada. (AU)

This article discusses the importance of the articulation between the concepts of parental emotion oriented goals and the models of development of self. To this end, we argue that the study of socialization goals necessarily refers to the investigation of what parents wish for their children in terms of their emotional experiences and the development of a more autonomous, related or related autonomous self. This approach, with the focus proposed, has not been commonly used in the scientific literature, given that there are not many studies dedicated to explore this association. Thinking about it, in this paper we propose a debate about the impact of parental goals on the children's emotional and self development, aiming to articulate these concepts. From this discussion, we expect to highlight the relevance of a new line of research in the field of developmental psychology to integrate these concepts that are usually unarticulated on the literature. (AU)

En este artículo se discute la necesidad de articulación entre los conceptos de metas parentales de la socialización de la emoción y modelos de desarrollo del self, y la importancia teórica de esto. Por lo tanto, argumenta que el estudio de las metas de socialización necesariamente se refiere a la investigación de lo que los padres anhelan para sus hijos en términos de experiencias emocionales y del desarrollo de un self más autónomo e interdependiente o relacional, o autónomo-relacional. El tema, con el enfoque propuesto aquí, ha sido poco explorado en la literatura científica, ya que hay pocos estudios que se han dedicado a investigar esta asociación. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una reflexión de algunos referentes teóricos y empíricos que sirvieron de subsidios para un debate sobre los objetivos de los padres y su impacto en el desarrollo emocional y del self, de manera articulada. A partir de esta discusión, se espera enfatizar la importancia de una nueva línea de investigación en psicología del desarrollo, que incluya este tema con la perspectiva de la integración de estos conceptos, antes asimilados de manera desarticulada. (AU)

Sistemas de cuidados e o discurso de diferentes cuidadores do Rio de Janeiro: evidências de trajetória de desenvolvimento / Child care systems and discourse of different caretakers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Evidences of development trajectories

Contemporaneamente, o cuidado de crianças pequenas em sociedades urbanas e ocidentais tem sido compartilhado, principalmente em famílias de nível socioeconômico médio, com creches, babás ou avós maternas. Quando se pensa no desenvolvimento no contexto e nas trajetórias que assume, é necessário considerar as crenças desses diferentes cuidadores. Assim, a exploração das trajetórias de desenvolvimento evidenciadas no discurso dos diferentes cuidadores na construção do self de crianças em um contexto do Rio de Janeiro pode ser enriquecedora. Uma entrevista semiestruturada, utilizando cinco fotos que retratavam os cinco Sistemas de Cuidados Parentais, foi realizada em 60 duplas constituídas por mães com filhos de até um ano, avós, babás e educadoras de creche. Os sistemas mais valorizados pelas participantes foram "contato corporal" e "face-a-face". Características desse discurso são discutidas em relação às crenças dos cuidadores e às tendências de trajetórias de desenvolvimento priorizadas.(AU)

The care of young children in urban and Western societies has currently been shared, especially between daycare services, nannies, and maternal grandmothers, mainly in middle-class families. When considering the developmental process and its trajectories in the context studied, it is necessary to take the beliefs of these different caregivers into consideration. Therefore, studying and understanding the development trajectories in the children's construction of self that are evident in the discourse of different caregivers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is important. A semi-structured interview using five photographs representing different Parental Care Systems was conducted with a total of 60 dyads composed of mothers of children up to one year old and a child care provider: grandmothers, nannies, and daycare educators, 20 dyads of each, respectively. Body contact and face-to-face contact were the most frequent mentioned discourse of the respondents. The characteristics of these discourses are discussed in terms of their beliefs and the tendencies of development trajectories prioritized.(AU)