A randomized trial comparing dual axis rotational versus conventional coronary angiography in a population with a high prevalence of coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety, radiation dose, and contrast volume between dual axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) and conventional coronary angiography (CCA). BACKGROUND: CCA is performed in multiple, predefined stationary views, at different angulations around the patient, for both the left and right coronary arteries. DARCA (AlluraXperSwing™, Philips, the Netherlands) involves a pre-set rotation of the C-arm around the patient and allows for the visualization of each coronary artery in different views, using a single automatic pump contrast injection. METHODS: From November 2012 to February 2013, 201 patients were randomly assigned to either CCA (n = 100) or DARCA (n = 101). Exclusion criteria included acute coronary syndrome (ACS), prior PCI or CABG. CCAs were performed in 4 acquisition runs for the left coronary artery and 2 to 3 acquisition runs for the right coronary artery, whereas DARCAs were performed in a single run for each coronary artery. RESULTS: Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were similar for both groups. The overall prevalence of CAD was 77.6%. The DARCA group had a significant reduction in the amount of contrast, 60 ml (IQR: 52.5-71.5 ml) versus 76 ml (IQR: 68-87 ml), P < 0.0001; and radiation dose by Air Kerma, 269.5 mGy (IQR: 176-450.5) versus 542.1 mGy (IQR: 370.7-720.8), P < 0.0001. There were fewer patients requiring additional projections in the DARCA group: 54.0% versus 75.0%; P = 0.002. CONCLUSIONS: In a population with a high prevalence of CAD, DARCA was safe and resulted in a significant decrease in contrast volume and radiation dose.

O contexto do transplante de órgãos no Brasil em 2011 / The context of organ transplantation in Brazil in 2011

O Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (SNT) brasileiro coordena e regulamenta o maior programa de transplantes público do mundo. Com o seu estabelecimento, em 1997, o número de transplantes renais aumentou de 920 (5,8 por milhão de população - pmp), em 1998, para 4.957 (26 pmp) em 2011. Existem disparidades geográficas evidentes nos desempenhos entre as cinco regiões nacionais. Estas disparidades são diretamente relacionadas à densidade populacional regional, ao produto interno bruto e ao número de médicos com treinamento em transplante. Acompanhando o desafio de atenuar as disparidades regionais no acesso ao transplante, o sistema pode ser aperfeiçoado pela criação de um registro nacional para receptores de transplante e de doadores vivos de rim, e também pela promoção de estudos clínicos e experimentais voltados a melhor compreender a resposta imune relacionada ao transplante em nossa população.

The Brazilian National Tranplant System (SNT) coordinates and regulates perhaps the largest public transplant program worldwide. Since its establishment in 1997, the number of kidney transplants increased from 920 (5.8 pmp) in 1998 to 4,957 (26 pmp) in 2011. There are clear regional disparities in performance across all national regions. These disparities are directly related to regional population density, gross domestic product, and number of tranplant physicians. Besides the challenge of reducing the regional disparities related to the access to transplantation, it can be further improved by creating a national outcome registry for transplant recipient and for living kidney donors, and also by promoting clinical and experimental studies aimed to better understand the immune response related to transplantation in our population.

Transpondo limites com doadores falecidos: transplantes bem-sucedidos com rins de doador com creatinina sérica igual a 13,1 mg/dL / Overcoming limits with deceased donors: successful renal transplantations from a donor with serum creatinine of 13.1 mg/dL

Doadores falecidos não limítrofes com insuficiência renal aguda podem ser uma opção segura para aumentar a oferta de rins para transplante. a avaliação histológica é fundamental para o estabelecimento do prognóstico funcional desses enxertos. Dois transplantes renais foram realizados com rins provenientes de um doador falecido jovem com insuficiência renal aguda severa sem comprometimento estrutural do parêquima renal. Ambos os enxertos apresentaram atraso de funcionamento no período pós-operatório, embora um deles com boa diurese inicial não tenha necessitado diálise. Função renal adequada foi observada a partir do 30º dia após o transplante. A insuficiência renal aguda severa no doador falecido não é fator de risco independente para a evolução em curto prazo do enxerto renal e não deve ser considerada contra-indicação absoluta para a realização do transplante.

Deceased donors not bordering with acute renal failure can be a safe option to increase the supply of kidneys for transplantation. histological evaluation is essential to establish the functional prognosis of these grafts. Two kidney transplants were performed with kidneys from a deceased donor couple with acute renal failure without severe structural impairment of parenchymal kidney. Both grafts were functioning in the late postoperative period, although one with good initial diuresis has not required dialysis. Adequate renal function was observed from day 30 after transplantation. Acute renal failure in severe deceased donor is not an independent risk factor for the development in short-term renal graft and should not be considered an absolute contraindication for transplantation was performed.

Incidência e fatores de risco para complicações infecciosas no primeiro ano após o transplante renal / Incidence of infectious complications and their risk factors in the first year after renal transplantation

Introdução: Complicações infecciosas determinam significativas morbidade e mortalidade após transplante renal. A imunossupressão utilizada representa o principal fator de risco e apresenta relação direta com a incidência e a severidade dos eventos infecciosos. Métodos: estudo de coorte, retrospectivo, que analisou a incidência e fatores de risco para ocorrência de infecções em 1.676 receptores de transplante renal durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento. Resultados: Eventos infecciosos foram observados em 821 (49%) pacientes. O número médio de episódios infecciosos entre pacientes com pelo menos um episódio foi de 2,3 (1 - 12). As complicações infecciosas mais prevalentes foram infecção do trato urinário (31,3%), infecções por citomegalovírus (12%), infecção da incisão cirúrgica (10,3%), infecção por herpes vírus (9,1%), infecção pulmonar (5,2%) e infecção da corrente sanguínea (4,3%). O tempo de isquemia fria e a utilização de rins de doadores falecidos foram fatores de risco importantes para ocorrência de episódios infecciosos. Conclusões: Infecções apresentam prevalência elevada no primeiro ano de acompanhamento após o transplante. A principal complicação infecciosa foi a infecção do trato urinário.

Introduction: Infectious complications determine significant morbidity and mortality after renal transplantation. Immunosuppression used represents the main risk factor and has direct relation with the incidence and severity of infectious events. Methods: A cohort study, retrospective study examined the incidence and risk factors for occurrence of infections in 1676 renal transplant recipients during the first year of monitoring. Results: infectious events were observed in 821 (49%) patients. The average number of infectious episodes among patients with at least one episode was 2.3 (1-12). Infectious complications were most prevalent urinary tract infection (31.3%), cytomegalovirus infections (12%), infection of the surgical incision (10.3%), herpes virus infection (9.1%), pulmonary infection ( 5.2%) and bloodstream infection (4.3%). The cold ischemia time and the use of kidneys from deceased donors were significant risk factors for the occurrence of infectious episodes. Conclusions: Infections have a high prevalence in the first year of monitoring after transplantation. The main infectious complication was urinary tract infection.

[Incidence of infectious complications and their risk factors in the first year after renal transplantation].

INTRODUCTION: Infectious complications significantly increase morbidity and mortality after renal transplantation. The immunosuppression used is the main risk factor and relates directly to the incidence and severity of infectious events. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study, which assessed the incidence of infections and their risk factors among 1,676 kidney transplant recipients during the first year of follow-up. RESULTS: Infectious events were observed in 821 (49%) patients. The mean number of infectious episodes among patients with at least one episode was 2.3 (1 -12). The most prevalent infectious complications were as follows: urinary tract infection (31.3%); cytomegalovirus infection (12%); surgical wound infection (10.3%); herpes virus infection (9.1%); pulmonary infection (5.2%); and bloodstream infection (4.3%). Cold ischemia time and the use of deceased donor grafts were important risk factors for infectious episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Infections are highly prevalent in the first year following transplantation. The main infectious complication was urinary tract infection.

[Overcoming limits with deceased donors: successful renal transplantations from a donor with serum creatinine of 13.1 mg/dL].

Non-expanded deceased donors with acute kidney failure can be a safe option to increase the number of kidneys for transplantation. Histological evaluation is fundamental to establish the functional prognosis of those grafts. Two kidney transplantations were performed from a young deceased donor with severe acute kidney failure and no structural change in the renal parenchyma. Both patients had postoperative delayed graft function, but one of them, who had good initial urinary volume, required no dialysis. Adequate renal function was present at day 30 after transplantation. Severe acute kidney failure in deceased donors is not an independent risk factor for short-term outcome of renal graft and should not be considered an absolute contraindication for transplantation.

O impacto da função do enxerto renal e da ocorrência de infecção intra-abdominal na sobrevida em 1 ano do paciente após o transplante simultâneo de pâncreas-rim (TSPR) / The impact of kidney function and intra-abdominal infection on patient 1-yr survival after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT)

O transplante de pâncreas-rim (TSPR) é um dos tratamentos mais efetivos para o paciente com diabetes melito e insuficiência renal crônica. Métodos: Foram realizadas análises retrospectivas da sobrevida de 150 pacientes submetidos ao TSPR pela regressão de COX e determinação das curvas de Kaplan-Meier, além das análises uni - e multivariadas para identificação dos fatores de risco tradicionais e aqueles relacionados ao transplante. Resultados: As taxas de sobrevidas em um ano dos pacientes, dos enxertos renais e pancreáticos foram de 82,0%, 80,0% e 76,7%, respectivamente. Função retardada do enxerto renal (FRR) (P = 0,001, RR 5,41), rejeição aguda renal (P = 0,016, RR 3,36) e infecção intra-abdominal (IIA) (P < 0,0001, RR 4,15) foram os principais fatores de risco que influenciaram a sobrevida do paciente em um ano. A sobrevida do paciente em um ano esteve relacionada à ocorrência de FRR (P = 0,013, RC 3,39), à rejeição aguda renal (P = 0,001, RC 4,74) e à IIA (P = 0,003, RC 6,29). A sobrevida do enxerto pancreático em um ano esteve relacionada à IIA (P < 0,0001, RC 12,83), à trombose vascular (P = 0,002, RC 40,55), à rejeição aguda renal (P = 0,027, RC 3,06), ao sódio do doador > 155 mEq/L (P = 0,02, RC 3,27) e ao uso de dopamina > 7,6 µcg/kg/min (P = 0,046, RC 2,85). Discussão: A ocorrência de função retardada do enxerto renal e infecção intraabdominal teve impacto na sobrevida em um ano tanto do paciente quanto dos enxertos renal e pancreático

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) is one of the treatments for insulin-dependent patients with chronic renal failure. Methods: One-year patient and kidney allograft survival rates of 150 patients submitted to SPKT analyzed by COX regression and Kaplan-Meier. Uni- and multivariate analysis identified the risk factors involved with either allograft or patient survival. Results: One-year patient and kidney allograft survival rates were 82% and 80%, respectively. Delayed graft function from kidney (DGF) (P = 0.001, HR 5.41), acute kidney rejection (P = 0.016, HR 3.36) and intra-abdominal infection (IAI) (P < 0.0001, HR 4.15) were related to the 1-yr patient survival. One-year kidney allograft survival was also related to DGF (P = 0.013, OR 3.39), acute rejection (P = 0.001, OR 4.74) and IAI (P = 0.003, OR 6.29). Main risk factors for DGF: time on dialysis > 27 months (P = 0.046, OR 2.59), kidney cold ischemia time > 14 hours (P = 0.027, OR 2.94), donor age > 25 years (P = 0.03, OR 2.82) and donor serum sodium > 155 mEq/l (P < 0.0001, OR 1.09). Conclusions: Delayed kidney allograft function and IAI had an important impact on either patient or kidney allograft survival rates. Improving deceased donor care may reduce DGF occurrence.

[Influence of hypertension on renal allograft survival in pediatric patients]. / Influência da hipertensão na sobrevida do enxerto renal em pacientes pediátricos.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of 1 year systemic arterial hypertension on 3-year allograft survival in children with kidney transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out of pediatric patients submitted to kidney transplantation at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) between January, 1998 and January, 2003. Patients were classified as normotensive or hypertensive according to presence of hypertension within the first year after transplantation. Survival analyses were performed with the Kaplan-Meier survival method, and survival curves were compared with the log-rank test. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Prior to transplantation there were 86 patients (64%) and after 1 year, 70 children (52%) were classified as hypertensive, respectively. Overall, the 3-year graft survival was of 92.5%. Survival of the normotensive group was 95.3% and 90.0% for the hypertensive group; the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Although the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant the higher survival of the normotensive group seems to be clinically significant and allows hypothesizing that arterial hypertension could be a risk factor for pediatric graft survival. However, due to limitations of the study it is impossible to affirm that hypertension is an independent risk factor for lower graft survival.

Influência da hipertensão na sobrevida do enxerto renal em pacientes pediátricos / Influence of hypertension on renal allograft survival in pediatric patients

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica com um ano de transplante renal na sobrevida do enxerto renal três anos após o transplante em crianças. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional e retrospectivo na série de pacientes transplantados renais pediátricos da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) no período de janeiro/1998 a janeiro/2003. Ao final do primeiro ano pós-transplante, os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: normotensos e hipertensos. A análise estatística de sobrevida foi através do método de Kaplan-Meier. A comparação entre grupos foi realizada utilizando-se o teste do "log-rank". Para os testes adotamos o limite de 5 por cento (α < 0,05) para rejeição da hipótese de nulidade. RESULTADOS: Antes do transplante 86 pacientes (64 por cento) e após um ano 70 indivíduos (52 por cento) foram classificados como hipertensos, respectivamente. A sobrevida do enxerto renal após três anos de transplante foi de 92,5 por cento para a amostra completa do estudo. O grupo de normotensos apresentou sobrevida de 95,3 por cento e os hipertensos 90 por cento; a diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do resultado estatístico não ser significante, a diferença observada entre os dois grupos após três anos de transplante, de 5 por cento maior sobrevida nos indivíduos que eram normotensos um ano após o transplante, nos parece clinicamente significativa e nos permite levantar a hipótese de que a hipertensão arterial pode ser um fator de risco para a sobrevida do enxerto pediátrico. Entretanto, não nos seria possível afirmar que a hipertensão é fator de risco independente para menor sobrevida do enxerto devido às limitações do estudo.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of 1 year systemic arterial hypertension on 3-year allograft survival in children with kidney transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out of pediatric patients submitted to kidney transplantation at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) between January, 1998 and January, 2003. Patients were classified as normotensive or hypertensive according to presence of hypertension within the first year after transplantation. Survival analyses were performed with the Kaplan-Meier survival method, and survival curves were compared with the log-rank test. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Prior to transplantation there were 86 patients (64 percent) and after 1 year, 70 children (52 percent) were classified as hypertensive, respectively. Overall, the 3-year graft survival was of 92.5 percent. Survival of the normotensive group was 95.3 percent and 90.0 percent for the hypertensive group; the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Although the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant the higher survival of the normotensive group seems to be clinically significant and allows hypothesizing that arterial hypertension could be a risk factor for pediatric graft survival. However, due to limitations of the study it is impossible to affirm that hypertension is an independent risk factor for lower graft survival.

Fatores de risco para deiscência de ferida cirúrgica em receptores de transplante renal / Risk factors for wound dehiscence in kidney transplant recipients

Introdução: As complicações cirúrgicas após o transplante renal são a principal causa de morbidade no período pós-operatório. A deiscência da ferida cirúrgica (FC) aumenta o tempo e o número de internações hospitalares e determina pior evolução a longo prazo do transplante renal. Método: Estudo prospectivo de 582 transplantes renais consecutivos realizados no período de 20/JAN/2005 a 20/DEZ/2005, no Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 16 a 24 dias no período pós-operatório, para determinar a incidência de deiscência da ferida cirúrgica e o risco atribuído aos seguintes fatores de risco para sua ocorrência: idade do receptor, índice de massa corporal, circunferência abdominal, tipo de doador, tempo de utilização de cateter vesical, diabetes mellitus pré-transplante, tempo de cirurgia, tipo de anastomose ureterovesical e tipo de imunossupressão (análise de regressão logística). Resultados. A incidência de deiscência da FC no período de internação hosar após o transplante foi de 11,6%. O modelo de regressão logística múltipla mostrou que os fatores de risco independentes para o desenvolvimento de deiscência da FC foram a idade do receptor superior a 42 anos (OR 2,7, p<0,05), a presença de diabetes mellitus pré-transplante (OR 2,3, p<0,05), a utilização de rins de doadores falecidos 9OR 2,2, p<0,05) e a utilização de sirolimo nos protocolos imunossupressores (OR 2,9, p<0,05). Conclusões. A incidência de deiscência da FC é elevada após o transplante renal e decorre da presença de fatores de risco prevalentes entre os receptores de transplante renal, sendo o uso de sirolimo o que apresenta o maior risco relativo (OR 2,9, p<0,05).

Introduction: Surgical complications after kidney transplantation are the major cause of morbidity in the postoperative period. The surgical wound dehiscence (HR) increases the time and number of hospitalizations and a poorer long-term outcome of renal transplantation. Method: Prospective study of 582 consecutive kidney transplants performed between the 20/JAN/2005 20/DEZ/2005 in Kidney and Hypertension Hospital. Patients were followed for 16 to 24 days post-operatively to determine the incidence of wound dehiscence and surgical risk attributed to the following risk factors for its occurrence: recipient age, body mass index, waist circumference, type of donor, time of use of bladder catheter, pre-transplant diabetes mellitus, duration of surgery, type of ureterovesical anastomosis and type of immunosuppression (logistic regression analysis). Results. The incidence of FC dehiscence hosar during hospitalization after transplantation was 11.6%. The multiple logistic regression model showed that independent risk factors for the development of FC dehiscence were recipient age above 42 years (OR 2.7, p <0.05), presence of diabetes mellitus pre-transplant (OR 2.3, p <0.05), the use of kidneys from deceased donors 9OR 2.2, p <0.05) and the use of sirolimus in immunosuppressive protocols (OR 2.9, p <0.05) . Conclusions. The incidence of FC dehiscence is high after renal transplantation and results from the presence of risk factors prevalent among renal transplant recipients, and the use of sirolimus that has the highest relative risk (OR 2.9, p <0, 05).

[Prevalence of coronary artery disease in type I diabetic candidates for double transplantation (kidney and pancreas)]. / Prevalência da doença arterial coronariana em diabéticos tipo 1 candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e pâncreas).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a population of type I diabetic, nephropathic patients in a dialysis program and candidates for double transplantation (kidney and pancreas). METHODS: From January 2000 to July 2002, 58 type I diabetic patients underwent coronary cineangiography as part of an assessment protocol for double transplantation. Coronary artery disease was defined as any irregularity in the coronary arteries and was classified according to the degree of luminal stenosis as mild (< 30%), moderate (> or = 30 to 70%), and severe (> 70%). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 34 +/- 12 years, and 32 (55%) were men. No patient had a history of angina or acute myocardial infarction. The major risk factors for the disease were systemic arterial hypertension in 93% of the patients, dyslipidemia in 38%, familial history in 25%, and smoking in 20%. The mean duration of diabetes was 20.8 +/- 9 years, and the duration of dialysis was 26 +/- 9 months. Coronary angiography revealed coronary artery disease in 42 (72%) patients, which was mild in 20 (34%) patients, moderate in 9 (16%), and severe in 13 (22%). CONCLUSION: Patients with type I diabetes in a dialysis program and candidates for double transplantation had an elevated prevalence of coronary artery disease. It is worth noting that those patients had no symptoms of the disease.

Prevalência da doença arterial coronariana em diabéticos tipo 1 candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e pâncreas) / Prevalence of coronary artery disease in type I diabetic candidates for double transplantation (kidney and pancreas)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) em população de pacientes diabéticos tipo 1, nefropatas, em programa de diálise e candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e pâncreas). MÉTODOS: De janeiro/2000 a julho/2002, foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia, como protocolo de avaliação para transplante duplo, 58 pacientes diabéticos tipo 1. Doença arterial coronariana foi definida como qualquer irregularidade nas artérias coronárias, e classificada, de acordo com a grau de estenose luminal, em leve (<30 por cento), moderada (>30 a 70 por cento) e grave (>70 por cento). RESULTADOS: A idade dos pacientes foi 34 ± 12 anos, sendo que 32 (55 por cento) eram homens. Nenhum paciente tinha história de angina ou infarto agudo do miocárdio. Os principais fatores de risco para a doença foram hipertensão arterial sistêmica em 93 por cento, dislipidemia em 38 por cento, historia familiar em 25 por cento e tabagismo 20 por cento. O tempo médio de duração do diabetes foi 20,8 ± 9 anos, o tempo de diálise de 26 ± 9 meses. A coronariografia revelou doença arterial coronariana em 42 (72 por cento) pacientes, sendo 20 (34 por cento) discreta, 9 (16 por cento) moderada e 13 (22 por cento) grave. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 em programa de diálise e candidatos a transplante duplo têm elevada prevalência de doença arterial coronariana, tornando-se marcante a observação de que esses pacientes não apresentavam sintomas da doença.