Longitudinality Matters: Qualitative Perspectives on a Longitudinal Clinical Experience in a Psychiatry Residency Training Program.

OBJECTIVE: Longitudinal models of clinical care and education can positively impact the patient and provider experience in terms of health outcomes, satisfaction, and motivation. While residency programs have seen an increase in primary care longitudinal clinical experiences (LCEs), defined as outpatient clinics in which patients are seen by residents over the course of their entire training, less is known about such opportunities in psychiatry residency programs. This qualitative study explores the impact of a longitudinal training model on psychiatric resident skill development, relationships in the clinical learning environment, and professional identity formation. METHODS: The authors conducted 24 semi-structured interviews of residents, graduates, and faculty in three well-established LCE clinics in a single, multi-site, academic psychiatry residency program. Transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis techniques. RESULTS: Themes were categorized into benefits and challenges. For benefits, themes included longitudinal relationships, improved feedback, near-peer teaching, early outpatient exposure, graduated independence, skill development, patient population expertise, and solidification of professional identity. For challenges, themes included system logistics, offsite panel management, and intermittent presence of junior trainees. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that overall, residents and faculty find the LCE a positive learning opportunity that has contributed to their professional development. LCEs do appear to have distinct challenges, largely logistical in nature, which can interfere with the favorability of residents' experiences. Developing strategies up front to minimize these logistical challenges will support the success of a longitudinal program.

Impact of an Innovative Endowed Chair Program on Medical Educator Recipients.

PURPOSE: Rarely do faculty members receive endowed chairs as recognition for their work as educators. In addition to the title, endowed chairholders have traditionally received discretionary income to pursue value-added work. This study assessed the impact on recipients of receiving an endowed chair for education. METHOD: The authors conducted a qualitative thematic analysis between 2018 and 2020, interviewing University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine chairholders who had completed at least one 5-year term. Authors double-coded all transcripts, reconciled codes, applied social cognitive career theory during analysis, and identified themes through an iterative consensus-building approach. RESULTS: Twenty-three of 24 (96%) eligible faculty members from 16 departments participated. Themes identified were symbolism, resources, education and educator credibility, development, and impact. The chair was a symbol that brought recognition, indicated quality, and amplified visibility and status within the institution and externally. Receiving an endowed chair conferred credibility on recipients and empowered them in the educational domain. The resources allowed chairholders the flexibility to undertake activities that were of value to them, to mentees, and to the organization. Holding the chair facilitated professional development for self and others. Chair recipients reported impact that persisted long after their term(s) concluded. A model of impact emerged, suggesting that simply possessing the chair title led to visibility and gravitas, which, combined with resources, allowed the holder to leverage opportunities in education. CONCLUSIONS: The endowed chair is an important strategy for career development in education for the chairholder and enhances the position of education institutionally. Having a plan sharpens the focus on activities, results, and impact.

Formalin pigment artifact deposition in autopsy tissue: predisposing factors, patterns of distribution and methods for removal.

Formalin pigment deposition is a known artifact of autopsy histology, often anecdotally associated with decomposition of bodies. However, there is minimal data within the forensic literature demonstrating an association between formalin pigment deposition and length of postmortem interval. Furthermore, there is minimal data concerning other predisposing factors and patterns of distribution of formalin pigment deposition. In this study, we compare the amount and patterns of formalin deposition on histology slides from three categories of death: 1) decomposed bodies, 2) critically ill at time of death, and 3) sudden cardiac death. We also compare the effectiveness of two relatively simple histology laboratory methods to remove formalin pigment deposition from histology slides. Amongst the three categories of death, formalin deposition was highest in the decomposed category, second highest in the critically ill category, and lowest in the sudden cardiac death category. The organs most severely affected by formalin deposition were liver/spleen/pancreas and kidneys, and the organs least affected were brain and lung. Formalin pigment deposition correlated with length of postmortem interval. Histologic patterns of formalin deposition included the endothelial lining of vessels, perinuclear compartment of neurons and myocytes, and the basal epithelial compartment of renal tubular epithelial cells. The alcoholic ammonium hydroxide method (AAH) was slightly more effective than the alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) method for removing formalin pigment, though both methods were effective. Because formalin pigment is strongly refractile under polarized light, a polarization filter can also be useful for distinguishing formalin pigment from other pigments.