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ABSTRACT Introduction: Risk factors and postoperative complications can worsen the condition of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting; some of these factors and complications are closely related to mortality rate. Objective: To describe clinical factors and outcomes related to mortality of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and on invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective data analysis of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting on invasive mechanical ventilation between 2013 and 2019. Data regarding clinical characteristics, postoperative complications, intensive care unit and mechanical ventilation time, and their relationship with mortality were analyzed. Results: Four hundred seventy-two patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting entered the study. Their mean age was 62.3 years, and mean body mass index was 27.3. The mortality rate was 4%. Fifty percent of the patients who had ventilator-associated pneumonia died. Considering the patients who underwent hemotherapy and hemodialysis, 20% and 33% died, respectively. Days of intensive care unit stay and high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score and Simplified Acute Physiology Score were significantly related to death. Conclusion: Factors and clinical conditions such as the patients' age, associated comorbidities, the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and mechanical ventilation time are related to higher mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Previous results on the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have generated difficulties in choosing the best treatment for each patient undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery (CABG) in the current context. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the current impact of CPB in CABG in São Paulo State. METHODS: A total of 2905 patients who underwent CABG were consecutively analyzed in 11 São Paulo State centers belonging to the São Paulo Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery (REPLICCAR) I. Perioperative and follow-up data were included online by trained specialists in each hospital. Associations of the perioperative variables with the type of procedure and with the outcomes were analyzed. The study outcomes were morbidity and operative mortality. The expected mortality was calculated using EuroSCORE II (ESII). The values of p <5% were considered significant. RESULTS: There were no significant differences concerning the patients' age between the groups (p=0.081). 72.9% of the patients were males. Of the patients, 542 underwent surgery without CPB (18.7%). Of the preoperative characteristics, patients with previous myocardial infarction (p=0.005) and ventricular dysfunction (p=0.031) underwent surgery with CPB. However, emergency or New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV patients underwent surgery without CPB (p<0.001). The ESII value was similar in both groups (p=0.427). In CABG without CPB, the radial graft was preferred (p<0.001), and in CABG with CPB the right mammary artery was the preferred one (p<0.001). In the postoperative period, CPB use was associated with reoperation for bleeding (p=0.012). CONCLUSION: Currently in the REPLICCAR, reoperation for bleeding was the only outcome associated with the use of CPB in CABG. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(4):595-601).
FUNDAMENTO: Resultados prévios com o uso de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) geram dificuldades na escolha do melhor tratamento para cada paciente na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) no contexto atual. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da CEC no cenário atual da CRM no estado de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 2.905 pacientes submetidos à CRM de forma consecutiva em 11 centros do estado de São Paulo pertencentes ao Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (REPLICCAR) I. Dados perioperatórios e de seguimento foram colocados via on-line por especialistas treinados e capacitados em cada hospital. Foram analisadas as associações das variáveis perioperatórias com o tipo de procedimento (com ou sem CEC) e com os desfechos. A mortalidade esperada foi calculada por meio do EuroSCORE II (ESII). Os valores de p menores de 5% foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa em relação à idade dos pacientes entre os grupos (p=0,081). Dentre os pacientes, 72,9% eram de sexo masculino; 542 pacientes foram operados sem CEC (18,7%). Das características pré-operatórias, pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) prévio (p=0,005) e disfunção ventricular (p=0,031) foram operados com CEC; no entanto, pacientes de emergência ou em classe funcional New York Heart Association (NYHA) IV foram operados sem CEC (p<0,001). O valor do ESII foi semelhante para ambos os grupos (p=0,427). Na CRM sem CEC, houve preferência pelo uso do enxerto radial (p<0,001) e com CEC pela artéria mamária direita (p<0,001). No pós-operatório, o uso de CEC esteve associado com reoperação por sangramento (p=0,012). CONCLUSÃO: Atualmente, no REPLICCAR, reoperação por sangramento foi o único desfecho associado ao uso da CEC na CRM. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(4):595-601).
Subject(s)
Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Coronary Artery Bypass , Humans , Male , Myocardial Revascularization , Reoperation , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Resumo Fundamento Resultados prévios com o uso de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) geram dificuldades na escolha do melhor tratamento para cada paciente na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) no contexto atual. Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da CEC no cenário atual da CRM no estado de São Paulo. Métodos Foram analisados 2.905 pacientes submetidos à CRM de forma consecutiva em 11 centros do estado de São Paulo pertencentes ao Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (REPLICCAR) I. Dados perioperatórios e de seguimento foram colocados via on-line por especialistas treinados e capacitados em cada hospital. Foram analisadas as associações das variáveis perioperatórias com o tipo de procedimento (com ou sem CEC) e com os desfechos. A mortalidade esperada foi calculada por meio do EuroSCORE II (ESII). Os valores de p menores de 5% foram considerados significativos. Resultados Não houve diferença significativa em relação à idade dos pacientes entre os grupos (p=0,081). Dentre os pacientes, 72,9% eram de sexo masculino; 542 pacientes foram operados sem CEC (18,7%). Das características pré-operatórias, pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) prévio (p=0,005) e disfunção ventricular (p=0,031) foram operados com CEC; no entanto, pacientes de emergência ou em classe funcional New York Heart Association (NYHA) IV foram operados sem CEC (p<0,001). O valor do ESII foi semelhante para ambos os grupos (p=0,427). Na CRM sem CEC, houve preferência pelo uso do enxerto radial (p<0,001) e com CEC pela artéria mamária direita (p<0,001). No pós-operatório, o uso de CEC esteve associado com reoperação por sangramento (p=0,012). Conclusão Atualmente, no REPLICCAR, reoperação por sangramento foi o único desfecho associado ao uso da CEC na CRM. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(4):595-601)
Abstract Background Previous results on the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have generated difficulties in choosing the best treatment for each patient undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery (CABG) in the current context. Objective Evaluate the current impact of CPB in CABG in São Paulo State. Methods A total of 2905 patients who underwent CABG were consecutively analyzed in 11 São Paulo State centers belonging to the São Paulo Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery (REPLICCAR) I. Perioperative and follow-up data were included online by trained specialists in each hospital. Associations of the perioperative variables with the type of procedure and with the outcomes were analyzed. The study outcomes were morbidity and operative mortality. The expected mortality was calculated using EuroSCORE II (ESII). The values of p <5% were considered significant. Results There were no significant differences concerning the patients' age between the groups (p=0.081). 72.9% of the patients were males. Of the patients, 542 underwent surgery without CPB (18.7%). Of the preoperative characteristics, patients with previous myocardial infarction (p=0.005) and ventricular dysfunction (p=0.031) underwent surgery with CPB. However, emergency or New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV patients underwent surgery without CPB (p<0.001). The ESII value was similar in both groups (p=0.427). In CABG without CPB, the radial graft was preferred (p<0.001), and in CABG with CPB the right mammary artery was the preferred one (p<0.001). In the postoperative period, CPB use was associated with reoperation for bleeding (p=0.012). Conclusion Currently in the REPLICCAR, reoperation for bleeding was the only outcome associated with the use of CPB in CABG. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(4):595-601)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Coronary Artery Bypass , Reoperation , Treatment Outcome , Myocardial RevascularizationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe a novel statewide registry for cardiac surgery in Brazil (REPLICCAR), to compare a regional risk model (SPScore) with EuroSCORE II and STS, and to understand where quality improvement and safety initiatives can be implemented. METHODS: A total of 11 sites in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, formed an online registry platform to capture information on risk factors and outcomes after cardiac surgery procedures for all consecutive patients. EuroSCORE II and STS values were calculated for each patient. An SPScore model was designed and compared with EuroSCORE II and STS to predict 30-day outcomes: death, reoperation, readmission, and any morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 5222 patients were enrolled in this study between November 2013 and December 2017. The observed 30-day mortality rate was 7.6%. Most patients were older, overweight, and classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III; 14.5% of the patient population had a positive diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease, 10.9% had insulin-dependent diabetes, and 19 individuals had a positive diagnosis of Chagas disease. When evaluating the prediction performance, we found that SPScore outperformed EuroSCORE II and STS in the prediction of mortality (0.90 vs. 0.76 and 0.77), reoperation (0.84 vs. 0.60 and 0.56), readmission (0.84 vs. 0.55 and 0.51), and any morbidity (0.80 vs. 0.65 and 0.64), respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The REPLICCAR registry might stimulate the creation of other cardiac surgery registries in developing countries, ultimately improving the regional quality of care provided to patients.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Surgical Procedures/statistics & numerical data , Models, Statistical , Brazil , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Quality Control , Registries , Risk Assessment , SafetyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Coronary reperfusion with HDL from healthy volunteers attenuates ischemia and reperfusion injury in animal models. In myocardial infarction (MI) patients, such an interaction is unclear. Hence, our first objective was to verify if there is interaction between HDL-C and MI mass in patients and the role of coronary reperfusion in the interaction. Furthermore, we investigated whether the effect in MI size of reperfusion with HDL obtained from healthy participants or MI patients could differ. METHODS: HDL-C was measured the first day after MI and MI mass was quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance (nâ¯=â¯94) and peak CKMB (nâ¯=â¯393). In an ex vivo rat heart model, we compared MI area and dP/dt max after coronary reperfusion with HDL from MI patients or healthy volunteers. RESULTS: HDL-C above the median (35â¯mg/dL) was associated with higher peak CKMB [255 (145-415) vs. 136 (84-287) UI/L; p = 0.02], higher MI mass [17 (9-21) vs. 10 (6-14) g; p < 0.01] and lower left ventricular ejection fraction [47 (34-53) vs. 51 (43-59); p = 0.02] than their counterparts. In restricted cubic spline and multivariate linear regression, HDL-C was directly associated with peak CKMB (p < 0.01) and MI mass (p < 0.01) only in reperfused patients with time to reperfusion <4â¯h. Reperfusion with healthy HDL, but not from MI patients, reduced MI mass (p < 0.01) and improved dP/dt max (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In MI patients undergoing early coronary reperfusion, HDL-C levels at admission are directly associated with MI size. In contrast to healthy HDL, reperfusion with HDL from MI patients do not reduce MI area in an ex vivo animal model.
Subject(s)
Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Myocardial Revascularization , Myocardium/pathology , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/therapy , Aged , Animals , Biomarkers/blood , Creatine Kinase, MB Form/blood , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/blood , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/diagnostic imaging , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology , Myocardial Revascularization/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Rats, Wistar , Risk Factors , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/blood , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/pathology , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Fundamento: Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM) utilizando protocolo de estimulação por 5 dias/semana durante 8 semanas tem sido usada como opção de tratamento para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) incapazes de tolerar exercícios aeróbicos. Objetivo: Nós avaliamos o impacto de um protocolo de EENM mais curto, utilizando uma corrente russa (CR) sobre a capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida (QV) e perfil inflamatório de pacientes com ICC em estágio final. Métodos: Vinte e oito pacientes com ICC grave (53 ± 11 anos) foram randomizados em grupo tratamento (EENM) e grupo placebo. O grupo EENM foi submetido a tratamento com CR aplicada por 50 minutos no quadríceps, bilateralmente, duas vezes por semana, por 7 semanas. No grupo EENM a estimulação foi aplicada promovendo contração muscular visível e para o grupo placebo a aplicação da corrente não promoveu contração muscular. A distância no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e a pontuação de QV pelo Questionário Minnesota Living with Cardiac Insufficiency foram avaliadas antes, imediatamente após e um mês após a conclusão do protocolo aplicado. Os leucócitos periféricos foram obtidos para medir os níveis de expressão gênica de citocinas inflamatórias. Resultados : O grupo EENM apresentou aumento na distância percorrida no TC6 (324 ± 117 vs 445 ± 100 m; p = 0,02) e QV (64 ± 22 versus 45 ± 17; p < 0,01) imediatamente após o programa de tratamento, mas não um mês após a conclusão do protocolo. Assim como, o aumento nos níveis de expressão de IL-1 ß , IL-6 e IL-8 após a conclusão do protocolo. Conclusão: O uso da EENM aplicada duas vezes por semana melhora a qualidade de vida e a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC grave. Esta melhora clínica foi acompanhada pelo aumento da expressão gênica de algumas citocinas nos leucócitos periféricos. Este protocolo mais curto de EENM é capaz de produzir efeitos clínicos benéficos semelhantes a protocolos mais intensos e longos, bem como modular a resposta inflamatória. Este protocolo pode ser uma boa alternativa para pacientes com ICC grave e limitações na adesão ao protocolo
Background: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) using a stimulation wave for 5 days/week over 8 weeks has been used as a treatment option for congestive heart failure (CHF) patients who are unable to tolerate aerobic exercise. Objective: We assessed the impact of a shorter NMES protocol using a Russian stimulation wave on the functional status, quality of life (QoL) and inflammatory profile of end-stage CHF patients. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with end-stage CHF (53 ± 11 years) were randomized to the NMES or control group. Treatment was an NMES training program with Russian stimulation wave, applied for 50 minutes to both quadriceps femoral muscles twice weekly over seven weeks. The stimulation intensity was chosen to elicit muscle contractions in the NMES group and current input up to sensory threshold in the control group. Distance in the 6-minute walk test (6MWD) and QoL score by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire were evaluated before, immediately after and one month after NMES protocol completion. Peripheral leukocytes were obtained to measure the gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines. Results: The NMES group showed increases in the 6MWD (324 ± 117 vs. 445 ± 100 m; p = 0.02) and QoL score (64 ± 22 vs. 45 ± 17; p < 0.01) immediately but not 1 month after protocol completion, as well as increased gene expression levels of IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-8 after protocol completion. Conclusion: Using a shorter and fewer sessions NMES protocol improved the QoL score and functional class of severe CHF patients, and modulated the gene expression levels of some cytokines. This protocol might be a good alternative for patients with severe CHF and limitations in protocol adherence
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Electric Stimulation Therapy/adverse effects , Exercise , Exercise Tolerance/physiology , Heart Failure/therapy , Rehabilitation/methods , Heart Transplantation/rehabilitation , Guidelines as Topic/methods , Quality of Life , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A retrospective cohort study was preformed aiming to verify the presence of transient dysfunction of gas exchange in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and determine if this disorder is linked to cardiorespiratory events. METHODS: We included 942 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery and cardiac procedures who were referred to the Intensive Care Unit between June 2007 and November 2011. RESULTS: Fifteen patients had acute respiratory distress syndrome (2%), 199 (27.75%) had mild transient dysfunction of gas exchange, 402 (56.1%) had moderate transient dysfunction of gas exchange, and 39 (5.4%) had severe transient dysfunction of gas exchange. Hypertension and cardiogenic shock were associated with the emergence of moderate transient dysfunction of gas exchange postoperatively (P=0.02 and P=0.019, respectively) and were risk factors for this dysfunction (P=0.0023 and P=0.0017, respectively). Diabetes mellitus was also a risk factor for transient dysfunction of gas exchange (P=0.03). Pneumonia was present in 8.9% of cases and correlated with the presence of moderate transient dysfunction of gas exchange (P=0.001). Severe transient dysfunction of gas exchange was associated with patients who had renal replacement therapy (P=0.0005), hemotherapy (P=0.0001), enteral nutrition (P=0.0012), or cardiac arrhythmia (P=0.0451). CONCLUSION: Preoperative hypertension and cardiogenic shock were associated with the occurrence of postoperative transient dysfunction of gas exchange. The preoperative risk factors included hypertension, cardiogenic shock, and diabetes. Postoperatively, pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, renal replacement therapy, hemotherapy, and cardiac arrhythmia were associated with the appearance of some degree of transient dysfunction of gas exchange, which was a risk factor for reintubation, pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and renal replacement therapy in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and cardiac procedures.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Postoperative Complications/physiopathology , Pulmonary Gas Exchange/physiology , Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology , Respiratory Tract Diseases/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Diabetes Complications , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Intensive Care Units , Length of Stay , Male , Middle Aged , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Severity of Illness Index , Shock, Cardiogenic/complications , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: A retrospective cohort study was preformed aiming to verify the presence of transient dysfunction of gas exchange in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and determine if this disorder is linked to cardiorespiratory events. Methods: We included 942 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery and cardiac procedures who were referred to the Intensive Care Unit between June 2007 and November 2011. Results: Fifteen patients had acute respiratory distress syndrome (2%), 199 (27.75%) had mild transient dysfunction of gas exchange, 402 (56.1%) had moderate transient dysfunction of gas exchange, and 39 (5.4%) had severe transient dysfunction of gas exchange. Hypertension and cardiogenic shock were associated with the emergence of moderate transient dysfunction of gas exchange postoperatively (P=0.02 and P=0.019, respectively) and were risk factors for this dysfunction (P=0.0023 and P=0.0017, respectively). Diabetes mellitus was also a risk factor for transient dysfunction of gas exchange (P=0.03). Pneumonia was present in 8.9% of cases and correlated with the presence of moderate transient dysfunction of gas exchange (P=0.001). Severe transient dysfunction of gas exchange was associated with patients who had renal replacement therapy (P=0.0005), hemotherapy (P=0.0001), enteral nutrition (P=0.0012), or cardiac arrhythmia (P=0.0451). Conclusion: Preoperative hypertension and cardiogenic shock were associated with the occurrence of postoperative transient dysfunction of gas exchange. The preoperative risk factors included hypertension, cardiogenic shock, and diabetes. Postoperatively, pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, renal replacement therapy, hemotherapy, and cardiac arrhythmia were associated with the appearance of some degree of transient dysfunction of gas exchange, which was a risk factor for reintubation, pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and renal replacement therapy in the postoperative period ...
Objetivo: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo com objetivo de verificar a presença de disfunção transitória da troca gasosa no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca e determinar se esse transtorno está relacionado a eventos cardiorrespiratórios. Métodos: Foram incluídos 942 pacientes consecutivos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca e procedimentos cardíacos, encaminhados para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, entre junho de 2007 e novembro de 2011. Resultados: A síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo foi observada em 15 (2%) pacientes, 199 (27,75%) pacientes apresentaram disfunção transitória da troca gasosa leve, disfunção transitória da troca gasosa moderada foi observada em 402 (56,1%) pacientes e disfunção transitória da troca gasosa grave em 39 (5,4%). A presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e choque cardiogênico foi associada ao surgimento de disfunção transitória da troca gasosa moderada no período pós-operatório (P=0,02 e P=0,019, respectivamente) e foram considerados fatores de risco para essa disfunção (P=0,0023 e P=0,0017, respectivamente). A presença de diabetes mellitus também foi considerada um fator de risco para disfunção transitória da troca gasosa (P=0,03). Houve correlação entre a presença de pneumonia e a presença de disfunção transitória da troca gasosa moderada em 8,9% dos casos (P=0,001). A presença de disfunção transitória da troca gasosa grave foi associada a pacientes que necessitaram de hemodiálise (P=0,0005), hemoterapia (P=0,0001), nutrição enteral (P=0,0012), ou arritmia cardíaca (P=0,0451). Conclusão: A presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica pré-operatória e choque cardiogênico foi associada à ocorrência de disfunção transitória da troca gasosa pós-operatória. Os fatores de risco pré-operatórios foram hipertensão arterial sistêmica, choque cardiogênico e diabetes. No pós-operatório, pneumonia, pneumonia associada à ventilação, hemodiálise, hemoterapia e arritmia cardíaca foram associadas com certo grau de ...
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Rats , Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)/metabolism , Phenanthrenes/metabolism , Aldehyde Reductase , CCAAT-Binding Factor/metabolism , Caspases/metabolism , Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism , Leupeptins/pharmacology , Oxidation-Reduction , Oxidative Stress , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolismABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In vitro hydrodynamic characterization of prosthetic heart valves provides important information regarding their operation, especially if performed by noninvasive techniques of anemometry. Once velocity profiles for each valve are provided, it is possible to compare them in terms of hydrodynamic performance. In this first experimental study using laser doppler anemometry with mechanical valves, the simulations were performed at a steady flow workbench. OBJECTIVE: To compare unidimensional velocity profiles at the central plane of two bi-leaflet aortic prosthesis from St. Jude (AGN 21 - 751 and 21 AJ - 501 models) exposed to a steady flow regime, on four distinct sections, three downstream and one upstream. METHODS: To provide similar conditions for the flow through each prosthesis by a steady flow workbench (water, flow rate of 17L/min.) and, for the same sections and sweeps, to obtain the velocity profiles of each heart valve by unidimensional measurements. RESULTS: It was found that higher velocities correspond to the prosthesis with smaller inner diameter and instabilities of flow are larger as the section of interest is closer to the valve. Regions of recirculation, stagnation of flow, low pressure, and flow peak velocities were also found. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the hydrodynamic aspect and for every section measured, it could be concluded that the prosthesis model AGN 21 - 751 (RegentTM) is superior to the 21 AJ - 501 model (Master Series). Based on the results, future studies can choose to focus on specific regions of the these valves.
INTRODUÇÃO: A caracterização hidrodinâmica in vitro de próteses de válvulas cardíacas fornece informações importantes quanto ao seu funcionamento, sobretudo se realizada por meio de métodos não-invasivos de anemometria. Uma vez obtidos os perfis de velocidade para cada válvula, é possível compará-las quanto ao seu desempenho hidrodinâmico. Neste primeiro estudo experimental de anemometria laser com válvulas mecânicas, as simulações foram realizadas em bancada de testes para escoamento permanente. OBJETIVO: Comparar perfis de velocidade unidimensional no plano central de duas próteses aórticas de duplo folheto St. Jude (modelos AGN 21 - 751 e 21 AJ - 501) submetidas a um regime de fluxo permanente, para quatro seções distintas, três à jusante e uma à montante. MÉTODOS: Proporcionar condições de similaridade para o escoamento através de cada prótese, por meio de bancada hidrodinâmica para escoamento permanente (água, à vazão de 17 L/min.) e, por meio de anemometria laser unidimensional, obter os perfis de velocidades para as mesmas seções e varreduras. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que as maiores velocidades correspondem à prótese de diâmetro interno menor e que as instabilidades do fluxo são maiores à medida que a seção de interesse encontra-se mais próxima da válvula. Também foram verificadas as regiões de recirculação, de estagnação do fluxo e de baixa pressão, além dos picos de velocidade para o escoamento em questão. CONCLUSÕES: Sob o aspecto hidrodinâmico e para todas as seções de interesse, foi possível concluir a preferência da válvula de modelo AGN 21 - 751 (RegentTM) sobre a 21 AJ - 501 (Master Series). Os resultados obtidos permitiram escolher, para os próximos trabalhos, um foco de estudo mais específico para regiões concretas dessas próteses.
Subject(s)
Blood Flow Velocity , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Hydrodynamics , Laser-Doppler Flowmetry/methods , Materials Testing , Medical Illustration , Models, Cardiovascular , Pressure , Prosthesis Design , Reproducibility of Results , Time FactorsABSTRACT
As bombas de roletes ocupam um papel de destaque entre os dispositivos utilizados na circulação extracorpórea, pois são responsáveis pela movimentação do sangue. O ajuste adequado desses equipamentos é fundamental para minimizar o trauma nas células sanguíneas. O presente trabalho analisou dois métodos para ajuste das bombas: o método de medida de velocidade de queda e a calibração dinâmica em dois modelos de bombas, com o objetivo de avaliar as suas variações e limitações práticas de uso em centro cirúrgico. A velocidade de queda foi medida em dois modelos de bombas de roletes e em três pontos do leito rígido com valor final calculado pela média entre eles. A calibração dinâmica foi medida sequencialmente às medidas de velocidade de queda, e os valores médios de pressão foram registrados em arquivo, com intervalo entre medidas de 20 ms. Os valores médios de velocidade de queda mostraram diferenças significantes (p < 0,0007), quando comparados com os valores mínimos e entre os dois modelos de bombas. Nos dois métodos analisados foram observadas variações de ajuste entre os roletes, com possíveis consequências para a hemólise. A bomba 1 mostrou descentralização do leito rígido entre os pontos medidos (p < 0,02). O método de ajuste por medida de velocidade de queda mostrou erros em seus valores absolutos e com dificuldade de repetitividade e não foi possível estabelecer correlação com a respectiva medida de calibração dinâmica.
Roller pumps have an important role among the devices used in cardiopulmonary bypass, being responsible for pumping blood. The setting of pumps is essential to minimize the trauma on blood cells. This study examined two methods for pump adjustment: the drop rate method and dynamic calibration method, applied to two different pumps in order to evaluate their variations and practical limitations of use in operating room. The drop rate was measured in the lowest point of pump raceway (0º) and in two other points close to it (20º and +20º) and the average values of the three points was also taken. The dynamic calibration was measured sequentially, and the pressure average values were recorded on file with a sampling interval of 20 ms. There were significant differences (p < 0.0007) in drop rate averages when compared with the lowest point in the two types of pumps. In two pumps were observed variations in settings between rollers with possible consequences for the hemolysis. The pump 1 showed decentralization in raceway between points measured (p < 0.02). The drop rate method showed errors in their absolute values and with limited repeatability, and it was not possible to correlate with their dynamic calibration measurements.
Subject(s)
Extracorporeal Circulation/instrumentation , Extracorporeal Circulation/standards , Calibration , Pulsatile Flow , Hemolysis , Hydrodynamic Models/methods , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/instrumentationABSTRACT
Objetivo: Um dos maiores danos causados pela oclusão em bombas de rolete é a hemólise. Estudos comparativos entre bomba de roletes com ajustes não oclusivos e bombas centrífugas têm sido realizados nas últimas décadas na tentativa de desenvolver novos produtos e ajustes que causem menos trauma aos elementos figurados do sangue. Comumente as bombas de rolete são ajustadas pelo método estático devido à preocupação com fluxos variáveis que podem ocorrer com ajustes não oclusivos. Folga excessiva nos roletes permite refluxo e pode acarretar erros no cálculo dos fluxos pela rotação da bomba, de acordo com os dispositivos adicionados ao circuito e a resistência sistêmica do paciente. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar o refluxo causado por dois modelos de bombas de rolete em aspirador de sangue e em reservatório de cardiotomia. Métodos: A visualização do refluxo foi realizada em aspirador de sangue e, em reservatório de cardiotomia, a visualização foi acompanhada de respectiva medida. Foram testados dois modelos de bombas de rolete de diferentes fabricantes, ajustadas pelo método de velocidade de queda e calibração dinâmica. Os testes foram conduzidos com tubos de silicone de 3/8 x 1/16 e 1/2 x 3/32 polegadas de diâmetro em água e solução análoga ao sangue. Resultados: Foram registrados visualmente os refluxos em aspirador de sangue e em reservatório de cardiotomia, com respectiva medida dos valores. As bombas apresentaram diferenças nos refluxos medidos ajustadas pelo método de calibração dinâmica. A bomba #2 apresentou refluxo, ajustada totalmente ocluída. Conclusão: Os refluxos medidos nos dois modelos de bomba apresentaram diferenças (P<0,008). Os resultados indicam diferenças nas características construtivas ocasionadas pelo processo de fabricação, projeto ou possíveis desgastes. Ajustes pouco oclusivos podem proporcionar variações nos fluxos com a resistência adicionada ao circuito, com dificuldade de correção do fluxo pelo incremento da rotação.
Objective: One of the major damage caused by occlusion in roller pumps is hemolysis. Comparative studies between roller pump with adjustments non occlusive and centrifugal pumps have been made in recent decades in an attempt to develop new products and adjustments that cause fewer traumas to the figurative elements of blood. Usually the roller pumps are adjusted by the static method due to concern variables flow that can occur with non-occlusive settings. Excessive slack in the rollers provoke back flow and can provides errors in the calculation of flow by the rotation of the pump, according to the devices added to the circuit and the systemic resistance of the patient. The objective of this study is to evaluate the back flow caused by two types of roller pumps in blood aspirator and cardiotomy reservoir. Method: Back flow visualization was performed in blood aspirator and cardiotomy reservoir. It was tested two different models of roller pumps, adjusted by drop rate and dynamic calibration. The tests were conducted with silicone tubes of 3/8 x 1/16 e 1/2 x 3/32 inches in diameter in water and solution similar to blood. Results: We recorded back flow visually in blood aspirator and in cardiotomy reservoir with their measure of values. The pumps had differences in refluxes measured adjusted by the dynamic calibration method. Pump#2 presents back flow adjusted fully occluded. Conclusion: The back flow measured in two models of pump present differences (P <0.008). The results indicate differences in its characteristics caused by the process of manufacturing, design or possible wear. Non-occlusive adjustments may cause variations in flow with the increase of resistance added to the circuit, with difficulty to fix the flow by increasing the rotation.
Subject(s)
Blood Circulation , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/instrumentation , Hemodynamics/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Calibration , Equipment DesignABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Identificar um método estatístico que expresse o tempo da presença do doente na sala de operação e construir a "matriz de relação" de otimização deste tempo, o tempo exato e real da operação. MÉTODOS: A análise de sobrevivência e o estimador de Kaplan-Meier permitiram calcular as curvas de sobrevivência para os diferentes tempos e a "matriz de relação" com 10 hipóteses para auxiliar na escolha da nova operação. A amostra aleatória simples de 71 indivíduos, das operações eletivas de adultos da Cirurgia Cardíaca/Hospital de Clínicas/UNICAMP, no ano 2008, no nível de confiança de 95 por cento. RESULTADOS: Os tempos das operações em média sobram em um intervalo de 140 a 200 minutos e excedem de 5 a 90 minutos. No geral, realizou-se em média diariamente uma operação dentro de 520 minutos, para um tempo disponível de 720 minutos. CONCLUSÃO: 1) Com o tempo máximo disponível de 720 minutos não é possível realizar operação, a não ser utilizando da "matriz de relação", sendo que o tempo máximo disponível varia entre 660 e 690 minutos, considerando-se intervalo de limpeza da sala. 2) O tempo do doente na sala de operação tem nele incluso o tempo de aprendizado pelo aluno, em um hospital escola, universitário. 3) Ao otimizar o tempo, mais doentes serão beneficiados, acarretando diminuição da fila de espera para novas operações. 4) A "matriz" de relação permite visualizar, opinar e decidir mediante várias hipóteses, resultando em melhor tomada de decisão
OBJECTIVE: To identify a statistical method that may express the patient length of stay in the operating room and build a "matrix of relationship" for optimizing this time, the real and exact time of the operation. METHODS: The analysis of survival and the Kaplan-Meier estimator allowed to calculate the survival curves for different times and the "matrix of relationship" with 10 hypothesis to help in choosing the new operation. The study consisted of a simple random sample of 71 patients, from elective operations for adults in Cardiac Surgery/Clinics Hospital/Unicamp, with confidence level of 95 percent in 2008. RESULTS: On average, the times of the operations over at a range of 140 minutes to 200 minutes and excess from 5 minutes to 90 minutes. In general, on average, one operation was daily performed within 520 minutes, for a time of 720 minutes. CONCLUSION: 1) With the maximum available time of 720 minutes is not possible to perform surgery, unless using the "matrix of relationship", whereas the maximum time available varies between 660 minutes and 690 minutes, considering the range of cleaning of the room. 2) The time of the patient in the operating room is a time that includes the time of learning by the student in an university hospital school. 3) When optimizing the time, most patients will benefit, causing a decrease from the waiting list for new opeartions. 4) The "matrix of relationship" allows to view and express opinion on a better decision making in addition to decide upon several assumptions
Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/statistics & numerical data , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Operating Rooms , Aortic Aneurysm/surgery , Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery , Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Myocardial Ischemia/surgery , Quality Assurance, Health Care , Survival Analysis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Planejamento do aumento das operações cardíacas, com repercussão na fila de espera, através de um estudo de metodologias de apoio, método estatístico e um método de gestão da qualidade, aplicados ao tempo da presença do doente na sala de operação. Métodos: Com o usod e um método estatístico, a a nálise de sobrevivência, utilizando o estimador de Kaplan-Meir, calcular as curvas de sobrevivência para os tempos do procedimento cirúrgico. Concomitantemente fazer uso do método de gestão da qualidade, empregando o conceito de "matriz de relação", com os resultados dos tempos da presença do doente na sala de operação, com 10 cenários possíveis, permite-se planejar a otimização da sala de cirurgia cardíaca, com previsão de novas operações, através do tempo de presença do doente na sala de operação, com repercussão na fila de espera das operações cardíacas geradas pela suspensão de operações. Para a análise dos resultados relativos à suspensão de operações, foi utilizado o diagrama de Pareto, outra ferramenta da gestão da qualidade. Resultados e discussões: Para suspensão de operações no ando de 2008, houve 39 por cento suspensas, sendo que 81 por cento dos motivos foram "hospitalares extrapacientes" e 19 por cento "relativos ao paciente". O tempo que sobra das operações cardíacas está em média no intervalo de 140 a 200 minutos e o tempo que excede está no intervalo de 5 a 90 minutos, para a realização de novas operações. Realizaou-se em média diariamente uma operação dentro de 520 minutos, para um tempo disponível de 720 minutos. No tempo de limpeza da sala foram considerados os tempos por cada tipo de operação cardíaca, além do que é estabelecido pela literatura. O tempo para agilização para novas operações junto às áreas teve como regra o tempo máximo de 60 minutos em relação ao tempo máximo da operação. Conclusão: a criação de um quadro de metodologias de apoio para agendamento de operações possibilia o uso concomitante de um método estatístico...
Objective: Preparation of increased cardiac operations, with repercussions on the waiting list, through a study of methods of support, statistical method and a method of quality management, applied to the time of the presence of the patient in the operating room. Methods: Using a statistical method, analysis of survival using the Kaplan-Meir estimator to calculate thesurvival curves for the time of surgery. Concurrently using the method of quality management, using the term matrix of relationships. When using the results of the analysis of survival, to compose the matrix of relationship with the outcome of stroke patients in the presence of the operating room, with 10 scenarios, the optimization of the design allows room for cardiac surgery, with estimates of new business, over time the presence of the patient in the operating room, with repercussions on the waitinglist for heart operations generated by the suspension of operations. For the analysis of results for the suspension of operations, was used for Pareto diagram, another tool of quality management. Results and discussions: For suspension of operations in the year 2008, was suspended 39%, with 81% of the reasons were reasons extrapacientes hospital and 19% for the patient. The time left cardiac operations is on average within 140 minutes to 200 minutes and the time that is beyond the range of 5 minutes to 90 minutes to carry out new operations. In general, took place in an average daily...
Subject(s)
Humans , Total Quality Management , Survival Analysis , Operating Rooms , Thoracic Surgery , TimeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: One of the major damage caused by occlusion in roller pumps is hemolysis. Comparative studies between roller pump with adjustments non occlusive and centrifugal pumps have been made in recent decades in an attempt to develop new products and adjustments that cause fewer traumas to the figurative elements of blood. Usually the roller pumps are adjusted by the static method due to concern variables flow that can occur with non-occlusive settings. Excessive slack in the rollers provoke back flow and can provides errors in the calculation of flow by the rotation of the pump, according to the devices added to the circuit and the systemic resistance of the patient. The objective of this study is to evaluate the back flow caused by two types of roller pumps in blood aspirator and cardiotomy reservoir. METHOD: Back flow visualization was performed in blood aspirator and cardiotomy reservoir. It was tested two different models of roller pumps, adjusted by drop rate and dynamic calibration. The tests were conducted with silicone tubes of 3/8 x 1/16 e 1/2 x 3/32 inches in diameter in water and solution similar to blood. RESULTS: We recorded back flow visually in blood aspirator and in cardiotomy reservoir with their measure of values. The pumps had differences in refluxes measured adjusted by the dynamic calibration method. Pump#2 presents back flow adjusted fully occluded. CONCLUSION: The back flow measured in two models of pump present differences (P <0.008). The results indicate differences in its characteristics caused by the process of manufacturing, design or possible wear. Non-occlusive adjustments may cause variations in flow with the increase of resistance added to the circuit, with difficulty to fix the flow by increasing the rotation.
Subject(s)
Blood Circulation , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/instrumentation , Hemodynamics/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Calibration , Equipment DesignABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of ultrafiltration in removing inflammatory mediators released by cardiopulmonary bypass and to correlate ultrafiltration with alterations in organic function according to the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score. METHODS: Forty patients were included and randomized into two groups: "no ultrafiltration" (n=20; Group I) and "ultrafiltration" (n=20; Group II). Activated complement 3 and 4, interleukins 1beta, 6, 8 and tumor necrosis factor alfa were measured prior to anesthesia induction (Time 1), 5 minutes before cardiopulmonary bypass (Time 2), in the ultrafiltrated fluid (Time 3), 30 minutes (Time 4), and 6 (Time 5), 12 (Time 6), 24 (Time 7), 36 (Time 8) and 48 (Time 9) hours following cardiopulmonary bypass. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score was evaluated at Time 1, 6 and 9. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. RESULTS: In the ultrafiltrated fluid, only tumor necrosis factor alfa levels were detected. Levels of activated complement 3 at Times 5 and 7 and activated complement 4 at Times 5 and 6 were significantly higher in the unfiltered Group, and levels of interleukin 6 were higher in the filtered Group at Times 7 and 8. Interleukins 1beta, 8, tumor necrosis factor alfa, and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrafiltration significantly filtered tumor necrosis factor alfa but did not influences serum levels of this cytokine. Ultrafiltration with the type of filter used in this study had no effect in organic dysfunction and should be used only for volemic control in patients undergo cardiopulmonary bypass.
Subject(s)
Cardiopulmonary Bypass/adverse effects , Coronary Artery Bypass , Hemofiltration/standards , Inflammation Mediators/blood , Multiple Organ Failure/diagnosis , Chi-Square Distribution , Complement C3a/analysis , Complement C4a/analysis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Interleukin-1beta/blood , Interleukin-6/blood , Interleukin-8/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Time Factors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/bloodABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Verificar, em modelo experimental de coração isolado de suínos, se a associação da trimetazidina à solução cardioplégica promove melhora no desempenho do coração. MÉTODOS: O modelo experimental utilizou suínos Large-White, com coração isolado perfundido por suporte de outro animal em modo de execução de trabalho ("working heart state"). Foram divididos em três grupos (n = 6), submetidos a isquemia regional seguida de isquemia global, que recebiam um dos três tratamentos: solução St Thomas (ST), solução St Thomas acrescida de trimetazidina (TMZ) e grupo controle (Co). Durante período de reperfusão, aos 30, 60 e 90 minutos, foram medidos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de contratilidade e metabólicos, obtendo-se assim a elastância máxima (Emáx), o índice de trabalho sistólico pré-recrutável (PRSW), "dureza" do ventrículo (EDPRV), fluxo coronariano, consumo de oxigênio e dosagens de lactato e glicose. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: Em relação aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de contratilidade, não houve diferença estatística significante entre os três grupos. Houve produção crescente de lactato nos três grupos de forma uniforme quanto maior o tempo de reperfusão. O fluxo coronariano, o consumo de oxigênio e o consumo de glicose tiveram grande variação entre os diferentes tempos medidos, mas sem diferença entre os três tratamentos. O peso final do ventrículo esquerdo foi significativamente menor no grupo trimetazidina (TMZ) do que nos demais. CONCLUSÃO: A administração da trimetazidina associada como adjuvante à solução cardioplégica, sem pré-tratamento, não demonstrou benefício hemodinâmico ou metabólico em modelo experimental "working heart" de coração isolado em porcos.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to verify in an isolated working heart swine model if the acute administration of trimetazidine to cardioplegia, without pre=treatment improves heart performance. METHODS: Eighteen pairs of swines were used in this working heart model, divided into three groups (n = 6) that underwent regional and global ischemia. Each group was selected to a different treatment: St Thomas cardioplegia (ST), St Thomas enriched with trimetazidine (TMZ) and control group (Co). Data was collected during reperfusion period at 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Hemodinamic parameters such as elastance contractility index (Emax), preload recruitable stroke work relationship (PRSW) and heart "stiffness" (EDPVR) were measured. Other data included coronary flow, lactate, oxygen and glucose consumption. Results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: All contractility data were not significantly different among three groups. Lactate became constantly higher according to time uniformly in all three groups. Coronary flow, glucose consumption and oxygen consumption presented large variations during time periods but according to treatments showed no statistical differences in all three groups. Left ventricle final weight was significantly lower in trimetazidine group compared to both other groups. CONCLUSION: Administration of trimetazidine enhanced cardioplegia, without pre-treatment, showed no hemodinamic or metabolic improvement in swine isolated working heart model.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cardioplegic Solutions/pharmacology , Models, Cardiovascular , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Myocardial Ischemia/metabolism , Trimetazidine/pharmacology , Analysis of Variance , Bicarbonates/pharmacology , Calcium Chloride/pharmacology , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Lactic Acid/metabolism , Models, Animal , Myocardial Reperfusion , Magnesium/pharmacology , Myocardial Contraction/physiology , Oxygen Consumption/drug effects , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Perfusion/methods , Potassium Chloride/pharmacology , Swine , Sodium Chloride/pharmacology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of ultrafiltration in removing inflammatory mediators released by cardiopulmonary bypass and to correlate ultrafiltration with alterations in organic function according to the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score. METHODS: Forty patients were included and randomized into two groups: "no ultrafiltration" (n=20; Group I) and "ultrafiltration" (n=20; Group II). Activated complement 3 and 4, interleukins 1beta, 6, 8 and tumor necrosis factor alfa were measured prior to anesthesia induction (Time 1), 5 minutes before cardiopulmonary bypass (Time 2), in the ultrafiltrated fluid (Time 3), 30 minutes (Time 4), and 6 (Time 5), 12 (Time 6), 24 (Time 7), 36 (Time 8) and 48 (Time 9) hours following cardiopulmonary bypass. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score was evaluated at Time 1, 6 and 9. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. RESULTS: In the ultrafiltrated fluid, only tumor necrosis factor alfa levels were detected. Levels of activated complement 3 at Times 5 and 7 and activated complement 4 at Times 5 and 6 were significantly higher in the unfiltered Group, and levels of interleukin 6 were higher in the filtered Group at Times 7 and 8. Interleukins 1beta, 8, tumor necrosis factor alfa, and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrafiltration significantly filtered tumor necrosis factor alfa but did not influences serum levels of this cytokine. Ultrafiltration with the type of filter used in this study had no effect in organic dysfunction and should be used only for volemic control in patients undergo cardiopulmonary bypass.
OBJETIVO: Investigar a eficácia da ultrafiltração na remoção de mediadores inflamatórios liberados pela circulação extracorpórea e correlacionar ultrafiltração com alterações da função orgânica de acordo com o "Sequencial Organ Failure Assessment Score". MÉTODOS: Quarenta pacientes foram incluídos e randomizados em dois grupos: "sem ultrafiltração" (n=20; Grupo I) e "ultrafiltração" (n=20; Grupo II). Complementos 3 e 4 ativados, interleucina 1beta, 6, 8 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa foram dosados antes da indução anestésica (T1), 5 minutos antes da circulação extracorpórea (T2), no líquido ultrafiltrado (T3), 30 minutos (T4), 6 (T5), 12 (T6), 24 (T7), 36 (T8) e 48 (T9) horas após término da circulação extracorpórea. "Sequencial Organ Failure Assessment Score" foi avaliado nos tempos 1, 6 e 9. Significância estatística foi estabelecida com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: No líquido ultrafiltrado, apenas níveis de fator de necrose tumoral alfa foram detectados. Níveis de complemento 3 ativado, nos tempos 5 e 7, e complemento 4 ativado, nos tempos 5 e 6, foram significativamente elevados no grupo sem ultrafiltração, e níveis de interleucina 6 foram elevados no grupo ultrafiltrado, nos tempos 7 e 8. Interleucina 1beta, 8, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, e "Sequencial Organ Failure Assessment Score" não tiveram diferenças significantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Ultrafiltração filtra significativamente fator de necrose tumoral alfa, mas isto não influencia nos níveis séricos desta citocina. Ultrafiltração com o tipo de filtro usado neste estudo não tem efeito na disfunção orgânica e deverá ser usada apenas para controle volêmico nos pacientes submetidos à circulação extracorpórea.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Coronary Artery Bypass , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/adverse effects , Hemofiltration/standards , Inflammation Mediators/blood , Multiple Organ Failure/diagnosis , Chi-Square Distribution , /analysis , /analysis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Interleukin-1beta/blood , /blood , /blood , Prospective Studies , Time Factors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/bloodABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Desenvolver modelo de coração isolado de suíno "working heart" sob suporte por circulação parabiótica e verificar se o mesmo é estável e se possibilitou de forma efetiva a mensuração dos dados propostos. MÉTODOS: O modelo foi padronizado durante preparação para estudo de associação de agente à solução cardioplégica. Foram realizados 18 experimentos com um animal suporte e um animal doador em cada. O coração do animal doador foi perfundido como coração isolado pelo animal suporte em modo de execução de trabalho ("coração ejetante"). O coração isolado foi submetido à isquemia regional por pinçamento da artéria interventricular anterior seguido de isquemia global. Durante reperfusão, com o coração ejetante (em modo "working heart"), aos 30, 60 e 90 minutos foram medidos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de contratilidade e metabólicos, obtendo-se assim a elastância máxima (Emáx), o trabalho sistólico pré-recrutável (PRSW), rigidez do ventrículo (EDPRV), fluxo coronariano, consumo de oxigênio e dosagens de lactato e glicose. RESULTADOS: Os animais suporte ficaram estáveis durante todo o experimento. O pH, a pressão parcial de oxigênio e o hematócrito foram mantidos estáveis e dentro da faixa fisiológica. O coração isolado foi perfundido de forma adequada durante todo o experimento. Os dados hemodinâmicos e metabólicos propostos puderam ser mensurados adequadamente e sempre com o coração ejetante, em modo de execução de trabalho ("working heart"). CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de coração isolado desenvolvido tipo "working heart" se manteve estável durante todo o experimento, sem a administração de drogas cardiotônicas e possibilitou a mensuração de todos os dados propostos de forma efetiva com o coração executando trabalho.
OBJECTIVE: To develop an isolated working heart model with parabiotic circulaton in swines and verify its stability and possibility to allow effective measurements of hemodinamic and metabolic data. METHODS: This model was developed during study of association of agents to cardiolegia. There were performed 18 experiments, each with a support animal and a donor animal. Donor animal heart was perfused as isolated working heart with parabiotic circulation from support animal. Isolated heart underwent regional ischemia by interventricular artery clamping, followed by global ischemia. During reperfusion in working heart state mode at 30, 60 and 90 minutes, contractility indices such as elastance, preload recruitable stroke work index and metabolic data were acquired. RESULTS: Support animals were kept stable throughout the procedures without use of blood transfusions or vasoactive drugs. pH, oxygen partial pressure and hematocrit were kept stable and within physiologic ranges. Isolated heart was perfused adequately throughout the experiment. All hemodinamic and metabolic data proposed were adequately measured in working heart state mode. CONCLUSION: This swine isolated "working heart" model was kept stable throughout the experiments with no administration of vasoactive drugs and it allowed adequate measurements of metabolic and hemodinamic data.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cross Circulation , Heart/physiology , Models, Animal , Myocardial Contraction/physiology , Myocardial Reperfusion/methods , Bicarbonates/administration & dosage , Calcium Chloride/administration & dosage , Hemodynamics , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Magnesium/administration & dosage , Myocardium/metabolism , Potassium Chloride/administration & dosage , Swine , Sodium Chloride/administration & dosageABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Estudar, em suínos, as alterações hemodinâmicas secundárias ao uso de estabilizadores para operações de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea, um por sucção (Octopus) e outro por compressão (Speroni). MÉTODOS: Dez suínos submetidos à esternotomia e monitorizados com eletrocardiograma, débito cardíaco contínuo e pressões: arterial média, pulmonar média, atriais médias direita e esquerda, ventriculares diastólicas direita e esquerda, calculando-se volume sistólico e resistência vascular sistêmica. Estudaram-se os estabilizadores posicionados em três artérias: interventricular anterior, interventricular posterior e ramo marginal da circunflexa. Para cada animal foi sorteada a ordem de aplicação do estabilizador com relação ao tipo e à artéria. As mensurações foram realizadas antes e após aplicar-se o estabilizador. RESULTADOS: Na artéria interventricular anterior, ocorreram alterações somente com o Speroni, havendo queda do débito cardíaco, do volume sistólico e da pressão arterial média, com aumento da resistência vascular sistêmica. Na artéria interventricular posterior, constatamos alterações com o Speroni, havendo queda do débito cardíaco e do volume sistólico, com aumento da freqüência cardíaca. Com o Octopus houve aumento da freqüência cardíaca e da resistência vascular sistêmica, com queda do volume sistólico. No ramo marginal da circunflexa, ocorreu queda do débito cardíaco, do volume sistólico e da pressão arterial média com os dois estabilizadores, havendo também queda na pressão arterial pulmonar média e aumento da pressão atrial direita média com o estabilizador por compressão. CONCLUSÕES: Ambos os estabilizadores causaram alterações hemodinâmicas. O que atua por compressão provocou mais alterações do que o que atua por sucção.
OBJECTIVE: To study in swine the hemodynamic changes secondary to the use of stabilizers for off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgeries by means of both a suction device "Octopus" and a compression device (Speroni). METHODS: Ten swine underwent median sternotomy. Monitoring of ECG, continuous cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean right and left atrial pressures, and right and left ventricular diastolic pressure were performed. Stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were calculated. Both stabilizers were studied placed on three vessels: anterior interventricular branch, posterior interventricular branch, and marginal branch of the circumflex branch. Each animal was randomly designed to application regarding the type of stabilizer and the target artery. The measurements were carried out 5 minutes before and after the stabilizer application. RESULTS: In the anterior interventricular branch changes have occurred only with the compression device, thus reducing cardiac output, stroke volume, and mean arterial pressure, but increasing the systemic vascular resistance. In the posterior interventricular branch changes have occurred with the compression device (Speroni), reducing cardiac output and stroke volume, but increasing the heart rate. With the suction device (octopus) there was an increase of both heart rate and systemic vascular resistance, but a decrease in stroke volume. In the marginal branch of the circumflex branch there was a decrease of cardiac output, stroke volume, and mean arterial pressure with both stabilizers. Also, there was a decrease in the mean pulmonary artery pressure and an increase in the mean right atrial pressure with the compression device (Speroni). CONCLUSION: Both stabilizers have caused hemodynamic changes. The compression device (Speroni) is more associated with changes than the suction device (Octopus).
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump/methods , Coronary Vessels/physiology , Heart-Assist Devices , Hemodynamics/physiology , Pulmonary Artery/physiology , Atrial Function/physiology , Blood Pressure/physiology , Models, Animal , Swine , Stroke Volume/physiology , Suction/instrumentation , Time Factors , Vascular Resistance/physiology , Ventricular Pressure/physiologyABSTRACT
Este relato de dois casos com os resultados da fração tardia de espaço morto (fDlate), fração do espaço morto alveolar end-tidal (AVDSf), gradiente artério-alveolar de CO2 [P(a-et)CO2] e slope da fase 3 do espirograma, submetidos à tromboendarterectomia pulmonar por tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). O TEP foi diagnosticado pela cintilografia pulmonar, tomografia helicoidal computadorizada e por arteriografia pulmonar. O cálculo da fDlate, AVDSf e P(a-et)CO2 baseou-se na capnografia volumétrica associada à gasometria arterial. A fDlate préoperatória do primeiro paciente foi de 0,16 (cutoff de 0,12) e a AVDSf = 0,30 (cutoff de 0,15). Já a fDlate do segundo paciente resultou falso-negativa (0,01), embora a AVDSf resultasse positiva (0,28). A fDlate pós-operatória do primeiro paciente foi de -0,04 e a AVDSf de 0,16; a fDlate do segundo paciente foi de 0,07 e a AVDSf = 0,28. A associação destas variáveis com os exames por imagem reforça a importância deste método como ferramenta diagnóstica não-invasiva no diagnóstico de TEP.
In these case report, the results of late dead space fraction (fDlate), end-tidal alveolar dead space fraction (AVDSf), arterial-alveolar gradient CO2 [P(a-et)CO2], and slope phase 3 of spirogram of two patients who underwent thromboendarterectomy for pulmonary embolism (PE) are shown. PE was diagnosed by pulmonary scintigraphy, helical tomography, and pulmonary angiography. The calculation of fDlate, AVDSf and P(a-et)CO2 was based on volumetric capnography associated with arterial blood gas analysis. The pre-operative fDlate of the first patient was 0.16 (cutoff 0.12) and AVDSf was 0.30 (cutoff 0.15). However, the fDlate of the second patient was false-negative (0.01) but, the AVDSf was positive (0.28). Postoperative fDlate of the first patient was -0.04 and AVDSf was 0.16; for the second patient, the values were 0.07 and 0.28, respectively. The association of these capnographic variables with image exams reinforces the importance of this noninvasive diagnosis method.