ABSTRACT
Alterations in signaling pathways and modulation of cell metabolism are associated with the pathogenesis of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins and NF-κB family play major roles in various cellular processes. The current study aims to determine the expression profile of SUMO and NF-κB genes in HCC tumors and investigate their association with the clinical outcome of HCC. The expression of 5 genes - SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, NF-κB p65, and NF-κB p50 - was quantified in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues of 58 HBV-related HCC patients by real-time quantitative PCR and was analyzed for the possible association with clinical parameters of HCC. The expression of SUMO2 was significantly higher in HCC tumor tissues compared to the adjacent non-tumor tissues (Pâ =â .01), while no significant difference in SUMO1, SUMO3, NF-κB p65, and NF-κB p50 expression was observed between HCC tumor and non-tumor tissues (Pâ >â .05). In HCC tissues, a strong correlation was observed between the expression of SUMO2 and NF-κB p50, between SUMO3 and NF-κB p50, between SUMO3 and NF-κB p65 (Spearman rhoâ =â 0.83; 0.82; 0.772 respectively; Pâ <â .001). The expression of SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, NF-κB p65, and NF-κB p50 was decreased in grade 3 compared to grades 1 and 2 in HCC tumors according to the World Health Organization grades system. Our results highlighted that the SUMO2 gene is upregulated in tumor tissues of patients with HCC, and is related to the development of HCC, thus it may be associated with the pathogenesis of HCC.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Liver Neoplasms , Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins , Humans , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Liver Neoplasms/genetics , Liver Neoplasms/virology , Liver Neoplasms/metabolism , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/genetics , Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/metabolism , SUMO-1 Protein/genetics , SUMO-1 Protein/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Adult , Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism , Transcription Factor RelA/genetics , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , NF-kappa B p50 Subunit/genetics , NF-kappa B p50 Subunit/metabolism , Aged , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Ubiquitins/genetics , Ubiquitins/metabolism , Hepatitis B/complications , Hepatitis B/geneticsABSTRACT
Pneumorrhachis (PR) is an uncommon condition characterized by the accumulation of air within the spinal canal. This finding may occur due to various causes, mostly after trauma and medical procedures. It can manifest with various features depending on the underlying cause, the location, and the extent of the air trapped. Clinically, the symptoms in affected patients can span a spectrum, ranging from being asymptomatic to manifesting as radiculopathies resulting from compression. The pneumorrhachis-related cauda equina syndrome is incredibly rare and typically appears as a large volume of air causing compression or irritation of the nerve roots in the lower spinal cord. In this report, we present a female patient whose cauda equina syndrome developed as a result of accidental extradural pneumorrhachis after epidural injection in the lumbar spine.
