Renal metastasis of an ovarian granulosa cell tumour inducing growth of a cystic nephroma.

A 44-year-old woman presented with a large pelvic mass. Pathology revealed a granulosa cell tumour of the left ovary. The patient was followed after surgery with inhibin B levels and interval imaging. Six years later, she began to experience severe back pain. A vertebral biopsy was positive for metastatic granulosa cell tumour. She underwent radiation to the spine. Inhibin B levels began to rise and, several months later, a CT scan showed a large heterogeneous mass essentially replacing the left kidney. She underwent an open left radical nephrectomy. Pathology revealed a 12 cm cystic nephroma with a 5 cm nodule of metastatic granulosa cell tumour. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the mass was inhibin and oestrogen receptor positive. This is a novel presentation of these coexisting pathologies. This unique case sheds light on the possibility of induction of cystic nephroma by the altered hormonal environment created by a granulosa cell tumour metastasis.

The multi-disciplinary management of high-risk prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in men in the United States. Such men can experience a continuum of disease presentations from indolent to highly aggressive. For physicians who care for these men, a significant challenge has been and continues to be identifying and treating those men with localized cancer who are at a higher risk of dying from their disease. We discuss the risk stratification of patients in order to better identify those patients at higher risk of progression. A comprehensive review of the literature was then performed reviewing the roles of surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy, as well as combinations of these modalities, in treating these challenging patients. An integrated approach combining local and systemic therapies can be beneficial in the management of high-risk localized prostate cancer. The choice of therapy or combination of therapies is dependant upon many considerations, including patient preference and quality of life aspects. It is becoming clearer that the addition of hormonal therapies or chemotherapies to established therapies, such as radiotherapy or surgery, will have significant benefits. As evidence accumulates regarding the efficacy of these new regimens, our hope is that the challenge of optimizing the management of high-risk prostate cancer will be delivered. However, many important questions remain unresolved regarding the optimal type, combination, timing of therapy, and duration of therapy. Such questions will only be answered with large, well-designed prospective clinical trials.