The size of the community rather than its geographical location better defines the risk of iodine deficiency: results of an extensive survey in Southern Italy.

AIM: The objective of this study was to establish the status of iodine nutrition in Southern Italy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The survey was carried out on 11-14 yr old children attending primary school and living in urban and non urban areas of 8 regions of Southern Italy. Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was measured in 23,103 urinary samples randomly collected. RESULTS: Median UIE in the whole studied population was 74 µg/l [interquartile range (IR) 34-139 µg/l]. UIE was significantly higher in chief towns compared to non chief towns (81 µg/l, IR 39-145 µg/l vs 73 µg/l, IR 33-138 µg/l, p<0.0001) and in areas with >500 inhabitants per km² (median 87 µg/l, IR 43-154 µg/l) compared to areas with 100-500 per km² (median 66 µg/l, IR 29-126 µg/l, p<0.0001) and with <100 per km² (median 61 µg/l, IR 25-121 µg/l, p<0.0001). Median UIE was significantly lower in inland mountainous/hilly areas (68 µg/l, IR 30-129 µg/l) compared to coastal mountainous/hilly areas (79 µg/l, IR 37-144 µg/l, p<0.0001) and lowland (79 µg/l, IR 37-146 µg/l, p<0.0001). According to a binary logistic regression model, population density was the only independent parameter significantly associated with UIE ≥ 100 µg/l. CONCLUSION: The results of the present survey indicate that: 1) in Southern Italy mild to moderate iodine deficiency is still present; 2) median UIE in non urban areas is lower than in urban areas and is related to the size of the community rather than to its geographical location, being higher in a larger community. This may be due to better diversification of dietary habits and the easier availability of iodized salt and processed food through commercial facilities, more common in larger communities. Future monitoring surveys should take into account these observations.

Frequency of the GPR7 Tyr135Phe allelic variant in lean and obese subjects.

BACKGROUND: GPR7, the endogenous coupled receptor for neuropeptide B and neuropeptide W, is expressed in several regions of the central nervous system, which are involved in the regulation of feeding behavior. GPR7 affects the regulation of energy balance through a mechanism independent of leptin and melanocortin pathways. AIM: Aim of this study was to investigate whether GPR7 gene mutations can be detected in human subjects and, in that event, if they are differently distributed among lean and obese subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The coding region of GPR7 were sequenced in 150 obese patients and 100 normal-weight unrelated controls. Functional studies of the allelic variants were performed. RESULTS: One genetic GPR7 variant was found (Tyr135Phe - rs33977775) in obese subjects (13.3%) and lean control (25%). Functional studies did not reveal significant differences between the wild type and the Tyr135Phe allelic variants in their NPW-mediated capacity to inhibit forskolin-induced cAMP production. CONCLUSIONS: Screening of GPR7 gene mutations among lean and obese subjects revealed a Tyr135Phe allelic variant that was fairly common in the study population. As indicated by in vitro and in silico studies, this variant is unlikely to cause a functional derangement of the receptor.

The effect of voluntary iodine prophylaxis in a small rural community: the Pescopagano survey 15 years later.

CONTEXT: Iodine deficiency disorders are a major public health problem, and programs have been implemented to improve iodine nutrition. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to verify the effects of voluntary iodine prophylaxis in a small rural community (Pescopagano, Italy). DESIGN: The design of the study was the evaluation of the prevalence of thyroid disorders 15 years after a previous survey conducted before iodine prophylaxis. SETTING: The setting for this study was a general community survey. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand one hundred forty-eight residents were examined in 2010 and 1411 in 1995. RESULTS: In 2010, 757 of 1148 subjects (65.9%) routinely used iodized salt, urinary iodine excretion being significantly higher than in 1955 (median 98.0 µg/L, vs 55.0 µg/L, P < .0001). The prevalence of goiter was lower in 2010 than in 1995 (25.8% vs 46.1%, P < .0001), mainly due to the reduction of diffuse goiter (10.3% vs 34.0%, P < .0001). In 2010 vs 1995, thyroid autonomy in subjects younger than 45 years old (3 of 579, 0.5% vs 25 of 1010, 2.5% P = .004) and nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism in subjects older than 45 years old (8 of 569, 1.4% vs 18 of 401, 4.5%, P = .03) were less frequent. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was higher in 2010 vs 1995 (5.0% vs 2.8%, P = .005), mainly because of an increased frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism in subjects younger than 15 years old (7 of 83, 8.4% vs 0 of 419, 0.0%, P < .0001). Accordingly, serum thyroid autoantibodies (19.5% vs 12.6%; P < .0001) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (14.5% vs 3.5%; P < .0001) were more frequent in 2010 than in 1995. CONCLUSIONS: In the present work, the role of voluntary iodine prophylaxis was assessed in a small rural community relatively segregated, in which genetic and other environmental factors have not substantially changed between the 2 surveys. Iodine intake strongly affected the pattern of thyroid diseases, but the benefits of correcting iodine deficiency (decreased prevalence of goiter and thyroid autonomy in younger subjects and reduced frequency of nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism in older subjects) far outweighs the risk of development of thyroid autoimmunity and mild hypothyroidism in youngsters.

Inverse relationship of food and alcohol intake to sleep measures in obesity.

BACKGROUND: Short sleep and weight gain are inversely related. Sleep deprivation acutely increases food intake but little is known about eating behavior in chronically sleep-deprived, obese individuals. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the relationship between sleep, food intake and alcohol consumption under free-living conditions in obese, chronically sleep-deprived individuals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of a cohort of obese men and premenopausal women. SUBJECTS: A total of 118 obese subjects (age: 40.3±6.7 years; 91 females/27 males; body mass index 38.7±6.4 kg m(-2)). MEASUREMENTS: Energy, macronutrient, alcohol and caffeine intake assessed by 3-day food records. Sleep duration estimated by actigraphy. Respiratory disturbance index assessed by a portable device. RESULTS: SUBJECTS slept 360.7±50.2 min per night and had a total energy intake of 2279.1±689 kcal per day. Sleep duration and energy intake were inversely related (r=-0.230, P=0.015). By extrapolation, each 30-min deficit per day in sleep duration would translate to an ∼83 kcal per day increase in energy intake. In addition, sleep apnea was associated with a shift from carbohydrate to fat intake. Alcohol intake in subjects consuming >3.5 g of alcohol per day (N=41) was inversely related to sleep duration (r=-0.472, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Shorter sleep duration and obstructive sleep apnea are associated with higher energy, fat and alcohol intakes in obese individuals. The importance of this study relies on the population studied, obese subjects with chronic sleep deprivation. These novel findings apply to the large segment of the US population who are obese and sleep-deprived.

Salivary glands ultrasound examination after radioiodine-131 treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: The most important side effect of radioiodine ((131)I) therapy is sialoadenitis and xerostomy. AIM: To evaluate by ultrasound (US) parotid and submandibular glands after (131)I therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). PATIENTS: Seventy-six subjects thyroidectomized for DTC submitted to salivary glands US examination. Forty-three of them had been previously treated with (131)I: 22 with 1.11 GBq (30 mCi) for remnant ablation, and 21 with higher doses [up to 44.4 GBq (1200 mCi)] for metastases. Thirty-three subjects studied before (131)I therapy served as controls. Parotid and submandibular volume, homogeneity, and echogenicity were determined. (131)I-treated patients filled a questionnaire about sialoadenitis symptoms. RESULTS: Parotid gland volume was significantly higher in treated patients (28.3±16.2 ml) than in untreated patients (20.7±10.4 ml, p=0.0154) and related to the time from last (131)I therapy. Three had parotid volume <1.5 ml and complained severe xerostomy. Submandibular gland volume was similar in treated (11.2±7.6 ml) and untreated patients (8.6±4.2 ml, p=0.0602). Homogeneity and echogenicity were similar in treated and untreated patients. Sialoadenitis symptoms were reported in 26% and were related to the (131)I cumulative dose. Symptoms were not related to gland volume. Hypoechogenicity and inhomogeneity of the parotids were more frequent in patients with salivary stickiness. CONCLUSION: Parotid, but not submandibular, volume is increased after (131)I treatment depending on the received activity and the time from irradiation but not on sialoadenitis symptoms. Xerostomy is associated to gland atrophy at US.

In vivo assessment about the effects of a diet containing iodine-enriched foodstuffs. A pilot study in 30 volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency (ID) still now represents one of the major worldwide health problems. ID is the result of insufficient dietary iodine intake. Iodine is an essential micronutrient but scarcely present in nature. The main strategy for the correction of ID is the fortification of table salt with iodide/iodine but Italy is far from reaching an iodized salt use higher 90% of population. Also because of the evidence for the risk on blood pressure, it is recommended to decrease the daily salt intake to less than 5 g/d. An opportunity to increase the iodine intake is the possibility to introduce iodine fortification in the industrial processing of foods. AIM: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a diet containing iodized foods enriched during industry processing with protected iodized salt (Presal®). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The evaluation of increasing of iodine intake was assessed by measuring the urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in 30 healthy volunteers who added to their alimentary habits a basket of iodine-enriched foodstuffs. RESULTS: Median UIE at baseline was 105 µg/l, 156 µg/l during the enriched diet and 90.5 µg/l a week after withdrawal of enriched diet. CONCLUSIONS: Stable iodized salt (Presal®) represents a good way to introduce iodine with the normal diet without increasing the normal consumption of salt for the healthy problems related to the blood pressure. The availability of stable iodized salt (Presal®) allows the preservation of iodine after cooking.

Thyroglobulin autoantibodies of patients with subacute thyroiditis are restricted to a major B cell epitope.

BACKGROUND: Thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) can develop in patients with subacute thyroiditis (SAT). AIM: Comparison of the epitope pattern of TgAb of patients with SAT, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) [autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD)] and non-toxic multinodular goiter (NTMG) (non-AITD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Serum TgAb from 10 patients with SAT, 45 with HT, and 19 with NTMG were evaluated. Serum TgAb binding to Tg was inhibited by 4 recombinant human TgAb-Fab, recognizing Tg epitope regions A, B, C, and D. The ability of single TgAb-Fab to inhibit the binding of serum TgAb to Tg was evaluated in enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Levels of inhibition were different for all TgAb-Fab in the 3 groups of patients. Inhibition by region A TgAb-Fab in SAT [50.5 (30.3-62.5)%] (median and 25th to 75th percentiles) was similar to HT [49.0 (38.0-69.5)%] and significantly higher than in NTMG [25.0 (14.0-37.0)%]; by region B TgAb-Fab in SAT [0.0 (0.0-12.5)%] was significantly lower than in HT [28.0 (9.5-48.0)%] and similar to NTMG [9.0 (4.8-20.5)%]; by region C TgAb-Fab in SAT [9.5 (0.0-25.8)%] were similar to HT [23.0 (9.5-41)%] and NTMG [6.5 (1.7-21.5)%]; and by region D TgAb-Fab in SAT [0.0 (0.0-8.0)%] were lower than in HT [12.0 (1.0-28.5)%] and similar to NTMG [1.0 (0.0-5.0)%]. CONCLUSIONS: The epitope pattern of TgAb of SAT is restricted to the A region that is immunodominant in AITD and non-AITD. In the majority of patients with SAT, the autoimmune phenomena represent a non-specific and transient response to the release of thyroid antigens, rather than the expression of thyroid autoimmunity.

Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, potentiates the chemotherapic effect of vinorelbine in the medullary thyroid cancer TT cell line.

We analyzed the in vitro effects of celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, and determined if celecoxib can sensitize a human MTC-derived cell line (TT) to chemotherapeutics. We found that celecoxib induced apoptosis in TT cells and decreased drug efflux by reducing the expression of MDR-1 mRNA, which codes for the drug efflux pump P-gp. We also observed that TT cells were 10-fold more resistant to doxorubicin than to vinorelbine, mimicking what can be observed in clinical practice. In addition, we found that the combination of celecoxib and vinorelbine, but not doxorubicin, induced a significant reduction in cell viability and a significant increase in apoptosis. In conclusion, we showed that celecoxib was able to enhance the chemotherapeutic effect of vinorelbine. A clinical trial exploring the in vivo activities of celecoxib in MTC patients who cannot benefit from available treatments would be desirable, taking into account the possible risks of cardiovascular effects of this drug.

Cinacalcet efficacy in patients with moderately severe primary hyperparathyroidism according to the European Medicine Agency prescription labeling.

BACKGROUND: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) with contraindications to parathyroidectomy (PTx) or persistent PHPT have few non surgical options. AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of cinacalcet in reducing serum calcium in patients with PHPT, for whom PTx would be indicated according to serum calcium levels, but in whom PTx is not clinically appropriate or is contraindicated [European Medicines Agency (EMA) prescription labeling]. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study (open-label prospective, conducted in a single tertiary center) included 12 sporadic and 2 multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 PHPT patients with serum calcium greater than 11.2 mg/dl. Cinacalcet was administered in increasing doses until normal serum calcium was reached or side effects preventing a further increase occurred. Serum calcium, PTH, phosphate, 25OHD, markers of bone turnover, 24h-urinary calcium and areal bone mineral density (BMD) were measured. Safety biochemical indices and adverse events were monitored. RESULTS: The maintenance cinacalcet dose [median 30 mg twice daily (range 30 daily-60 mg twice daily)] was maintained constant during follow-up (median 12 months). Mean±SE baseline serum calcium was 12.2±0.3 mg/dl. Serum calcium decreased by at least 1 mg/dl in all patients and normalized in 10. Serum calcium at the last observation was 9.9±0.2 mg/dl (p<0.0001 vs baseline). PTH decreased by 17.1% compared to baseline (p=0.13), and never reached a normal value. BMD was unchanged. Adverse events occurred in 6 patients (43%) and required treatment withdrawal in 2. CONCLUSIONS: Cinacalcet reduced and often normalized serum calcium in PHPT patients who met the EMA labeling.

Hepatic left lobe volume is a sensitive index of metabolic improvement in obese women after gastric banding.

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common finding in obese subjects. Increasing evidence has been provided suggesting that it represents the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE: Aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the relationships between several anthropometric measures, including the hepatic left lobe volume (HLLV), and various indicators of the metabolic syndrome in a cohort of severely obese women before and after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). STUDY DESIGN AND RESULTS: Seventy-five obese women (mean age 45 ± 10 years and body mass index (BMI) 42.5 ± 4.8 kg m(-2)) underwent LAGB and completed an average (± s.d.) post-surgical follow-up of 24 ± 6 months. Determination of HLLV, subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat (IAF) was based on ultrasound. The principal component statistical analysis applied to pre-operative measurements, highlighted HLLV as a parameter that clustered with serum insulin, IAF, serum glucose and uric acid, along with triglycerides (TGs), alkaline phosphatase and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. After LAGB, the average reduction of BMI was 23%, 12% for subcutaneous fat (SCF), 42% for HLLV and 40% for visceral fat. Among body weight, BMI, SCF, IAF and HLLV, reduction of the latter was an independent predictor of reduction of serum transaminases and γ-Glutamyltransferase, glucose, insulin and TGs. CONCLUSIONS: In severely obese women: (i) HLLV is a sensitive indicator of ectopic fat deposition, clustering with parameters defining the metabolic syndrome; (ii) weight loss achieved by LAGB is associated with a reduction of liver volume as estimated by HLLV; (iii) among various anthropometric parameters measured, reduction of HLLV that follows LAGB represents the best single predictor of improvement of various cardiometabolic risk factors.

Genetic markers to discriminate benign and malignant thyroid nodules with undetermined cytology in an area of borderline iodine deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) with cytologic evaluation is the most reliable tool for malignancy prediction in thyroid nodules, but cytologic diagnosis remains undetermined for 20% of nodules. AIM: We investigated the diagnostic potential of a set of 6 marker genes to distinguish benign and malignant thyroid nodules. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The prospective study included 153 thyroid samples obtained by FNA of thyroid nodules from 151 patients (56 benign, 43 malignant, and 54 nodules with undetermined cytology). Gene expression was evaluated by quantitative realtime PCR and statistical analysis of data was performed. All samples were analyzed for V600E BRAF mutation. RESULTS: A decrease in TTF3 and HGD1 expression was observed in malignant nodules with respect to benign ones, while an increase in PLAB expression was demonstrated in these nodules. The decision model was valid for 88 of 99 cases of benign and malignant nodules, with a total of 11 false positive or negative predictions. The obtained malignant/benign phenotype prediction was also valid for 37 of 54 cases of nodules with undetermined cytology with a total of 8 false positive and 9 false negative predictions. V600E BRAF gene mutation was demonstrated in 19/43 malignant nodules, in 0/56 benign nodules, and in 1/54 undetermined nodules. CONCLUSIONS: The expression profiles of genes (TFF3, HGD1, and PLAB) allowed a good prediction for the differentiation of benign thyroid lesions and thyroid cancer starting from cells of FNA; however, this assay showed limitations when applied to discriminate thyroid nodules with undetermined cytology.

In silico and in vitro analysis of rare germline allelic variants of RET oncogene associated with medullary thyroid cancer.

Germline and somatic RET oncogene mutations are found in 98% hereditary and 40% sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas. Our aim was to analyse by in silico and in vitro assays the transforming activity of six rare RET mutations (T338I, V648I, M918V, A883T, S904F and M848T). Six known RET mutations were used as controls. The in silico analysis showed the highest score value (i.e. 65) for S904F, M848T, M918T and C634R, whereas L790F, G691S, T338I and V648I had 0 score. Intermediate score values were obtained by A883T (score=55), M918V, V804M and Y791F (score=15). The in vitro focus formation assay showed that cells transfected with S904F, M918T, M848T or C634R generated the largest number of focus formation units (FFU). Intermediate numbers of FFU were observed in cells transfected with M918V, V804M, Y791F or A883T, while cells transfected with L790F, G691S, T338I or V648I showed a number of FFU similar to control cells. A positive correlation between the in silico score and in vitro FFU was found (P=0.0005). Only cells transfected with M918T or C634R grew faster and generated higher number of colonies in soft agar than control cells. However, the cells that were transfected with V804M produced an intermediate number of colonies. In conclusion, two of the six rare RET mutations, S904F and M848T possessed a relatively high transforming activity but a low aggressiveness; the other four mutations T338I, V648I, M918V and A883T were low or non-transforming, and their ability to induce tumoural transformation might be related to particular genetic conditions.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the first days of life and perinatal factors associated with sub-optimal neuromotor outcome in pre-term infants.

AIM: To identify perinatal factors associated with sub-optimal neuromotor outcome in infants without evident central nervous system lesions (intraventricular hemorrhage/ periventricular leukomalacia), with gestational age ≤30 (group I) and of 31-32 weeks (group II). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 102 premature infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Pisa, at 26-32 weeks of gestation, were studied. Data about perinatal factors and TSH values at 3-4 days of life were collected. The assessment of neuromotor development was performed at 18 months of corrected age, using the locomotor subscale of the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development. RESULTS: Risk factors supposed to be predictive of sub-optimal neuromotor outcome (odds ratio >1) were at ≤30 weeks: male sex, small for gestational age, patent duct arterious, respiratory distress syndrome, and at 31-32 weeks: Apgar at 5 min <7, respiratory distress syndrome, patent duct arterious and birth weight <1500 g. A strong correlation was also found between TSH screening values >4,3 mU/l and suboptimal neuromotor outcome in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Several perinatal factors, acting on an immature and more vulnerable nervous system, such as the pre-term one, different for different gestational ages, are associated with a sub-optimal neuromotor outcome. Higher, but within the normal range, TSH values at screening seem to be a strong risk factor for neuromotor outcome in preterm infants without intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma: role of TSH and of treatment with L-thyroxine.

The possible association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a still debated issue. We analyzed the frequency of PTC, TSH levels and thyroid autoantibodies (TAb) in 13 738 patients (9824 untreated and 3914 under l-thyroxine, l-T(4)). Patients with nodular-HT (n=1593) had high titer of TAb and/or hypothyroidism. Patients with nodular goiter (NG) were subdivided in TAb-NG (n=8812) with undetectable TAb and TAb+NG (n=3395) with positive TAb. Among untreated patients, those with nodular-HT showed higher frequency of PTC (9.4%) compared with both TAb-NG (6.4%; P=0.002) and TAb+NG (6.5%; P=0.009) and presented also higher serum TSH (median 1.30 vs 0.71 µU/ml, P<0.001 and 0.70 µU/ml, P<0.001 respectively). Independently of clinical diagnosis, patients with high titer of TAb showed a higher frequency of PTC (9.3%) compared to patients with low titer (6.8%, P<0.001) or negative TAb (6.3%, P<0.001) and presented also higher serum TSH (median 1.16 vs 0.75 µU/ml, P<0.001 and 0.72 µU/ml, P<0.001 respectively). PTC frequency was strongly related with serum TSH (odds ratio (OR)=1.111), slightly related with anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (OR=1.001), and unrelated with anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies. In the l-T(4)-treated group, when only patients with serum TSH levels below the median value (0.90 µU/ml) were considered, no significant difference in PTC frequency was found between nodular-HT, TAb-NG and TAb+NG. In conclusion, the frequency of PTC is significantly higher in nodular-HT than in NG and is associated with increased levels of serum TSH. Treatment with l-T(4) reduces TSH levels and decreases the occurrence of clinically detectable PTC.

Modified-release recombinant human TSH (MRrhTSH) augments the effect of (131)I therapy in benign multinodular goiter: results from a multicenter international, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) can be used to enhance (131)I therapy for shrinkage of multinodular goiter (MG). OBJECTIVE, DESIGN, AND SETTING: The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of 0.01 and 0.03 mg modified-release (MR) rhTSH as an adjuvant to (131)I therapy, vs. (131)I alone, in a randomized, placebo-controlled, international, multicenter study. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: Ninety-five patients (57.2 ± 9.6 yr old, 85% females, 83% Caucasians) with MG (median size 96.0, range 31.9-242.2 ml) were randomized to receive placebo (group A, n = 32), MRrhTSH 0.01 mg (group B, n = 30), or MRrhTSH 0.03 mg (group C, n = 33) 24 h before a calculated activity of (131)I. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point was a change in thyroid volume (by computerized tomography scan, at 6 months). Secondary end points were the smallest cross-sectional area of the trachea; thyroid function tests; Thyroid Quality of Life Questionnaire; electrocardiogram; and hyperthyroid symptom scale. RESULTS: Thyroid volume decreased significantly in all groups. The reduction was comparable in groups A and B (23.1 ± 8.8 and 23.3 ± 16.5%, respectively; P = 0.95). In group C, the reduction (32.9 ± 20.7%) was more pronounced than in groups A (P = 0.03) and B. The smallest cross-sectional area of the trachea increased in all groups: 3.8 ± 2.9% in A, 4.8 ± 3.3% in B, and 10.2 ± 33.2% in C, with no significant difference among the groups. Goiter-related symptoms were effectively reduced and there were no major safety concerns. CONCLUSION: In this dose-selection study, 0.03 mg MRrhTSH was the most efficacious dose as an adjuvant to (131)I therapy of MG. It was well tolerated and significantly augmented the effect of (131)I therapy in the short term. Larger studies with long-term follow-up are warranted.

Binding, uptake, and degradation of internalized thyroglobulin in cultured thyroid and non-thyroid cells.

Thyroid hormone release requires degradation of thyroglobulin (Tg) by thyroid epithelial cells, which occurs mainly in the lysosomal pathway following Tg endocytosis. Non-specific fluid-phase endocytosis is thought to be the main route of Tg uptake leading to degradation, whereas receptor- mediated endocytosis is believed to lead to post-endocytic pathways other than degradation. To gain more insights into these issues, we investigated handling of Tg by various cell types. Tg bound similarly to thyroid (FRTL-5, FRT) and non-thyroid (COS-7, IRPT) cells, indicating the presence of membrane-binding sites, presumably receptors, in both cell types. Tg was internalized and degraded by all cells and degradation paralleled uptake, with the exception of FRTL- 5 cells, in which a lower proportion of Tg was degraded, suggesting that in FRTL-5 cells mechanisms that target Tg to the various post-endocytic pathways (either receptors or postreceptorial factors) are differently represented. Immunoelectronmicroscopy showed a common path of endocytosis in FRTL-5, COS-7, and IRPT cells, namely the formation of pseudopods engulfing Tg, followed by internalization and accumulation of Tg in cytoplasmic vesicles and lysosomes. The fastest rate was observed in COS-7 cells, probably reflecting a lower impact of endocytic receptors. Our findings suggest that Tg uptake and degradation are not thyroid-specific, that Tg binding sites exist in different cell types, and that uptake and/or degradation are differently regulated in differentiated thyroid cells, presumably because of a different impact of endocytic receptors or post-endocytic mechanisms, which are probably responsible for the regulation of hormone release.

Electric and magnetic fields do not modify the biochemical properties of FRTL-5 cells.

BACKGROUND: Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) might be involved in human disease and numerous research and scientific reviews have been conducted to address this question. In particular thyroid structural and functional alterations caused by various forms of non-ionizing radiation have been described. AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the possible effects of EMF on thyroid, in particular we analyzed the effects caused by a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) signal (900 MHz) on cultured thyroid cells (FRTL- 5). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental setup was designed in order to expose samples to a radiofrequency wave in well-controlled conditions. We used the FRTL-5 cell line, an epithelial monoclonal continuous cell line derived from Fisher rat thyroid tissue growing as monolayer, expressing the TSH receptor and the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). FRTL-5 were subsequently irradiate for 24, 48, and 96 h with EMF (800-900 MHz, power-frequency of mobile communication systems) and iodide uptake and cAMP production were measured. RESULTS: The irradiation of cells with EMF at 900 Mhz for 24, 48, and 96 h did not influence the level of cAMP production and was not able to modify iodide accumulation in FRTL- 5 cells with respect to basal conditions. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, EMF do not seem to be able to interfere with the biochemical properties of FRTL-5 cells in vitro.

High prevalence of breast cancer in patients with benign thyroid diseases.

BACKGROUND: In patients with breast cancer (BC) a high prevalence of benign thyroid diseases (BTD) has been described, Hashimoto's thyroiditis accounting to a large extent for this association. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of BC in a large group of patients with BTD. PATIENTS: Clinical records of 622 consecutive patients with BTD were examined. BC prevalence in BTD patients was compared with BC frequency in general population living in the same country. RESULTS: BC prevalence in patients with BTD (38/622; 6.11%) was significantly higher (p=0.0002) compared to BC frequency in general population (2.07%). When patients were divided according to the age of menopause, in females older than 49 yr BC frequency in BTD was significantly higher than in age-matched population (7.6 vs 3.3%; p=0.006), while in females aged 30-49 yr BC frequency in BTD was higher, but not statistically significantly, than in agematched population (3.7 vs 0.5%; p=0.06). No significant difference in BC prevalence was found when patients were grouped according to the diagnosis of thyroid disorders: Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, nodular goiter associated or not associated with serum thyroid autoantibodies (TAb). No significant difference in BC frequency was observed between TAb+ (26/377; 6.9%) and TAb- (12/245; 4.9%) patients. The distribution of known risk factors for breast malignancies was similar in patients with or without BC. CONCLUSION: In patients with BTD the prevalence of BC is significantly higher than the expected, showing the usefulness of screening for breast malignancy of patients with BTD.