Case-control study assessing the impact of COVID19 in advanced kidney cancer patients treated with antiangiogenics or immunotherapy: the COVID-REN study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a risk factor for developing severe COVID19. Additionally, SARS-CoV2 has a special tropism for renal cells and complications like thrombosis or cytokine storm could be enhanced by standard treatments in kidney cancer (i.e., antiangiogenics or immunotherapy). Thus, understanding the impact of COVID19 in patients with this tumor is key for their correct management. METHODS: We designed a retrospective case-control study comparing the outcome of three groups of advanced kidney cancer patients on systemic treatment: cohort A (developed COVID19 while on antiangiogenics), cohort B (developed COVID19 while on immunotherapy) and cohort C (non-infected). Matching factors were age, gender, and treatment. RESULTS: 95 patients were recruited in 16 centers in Spain from September 2020 to May 2021. Finally, 85 were deemed as eligible (23 cohort A, 21 cohort B, 41 cohort C). Patients with COVID required more dose interruptions (25 vs. six) and hospitalizations (10 vs. none) than those without COVID (both p = 0.001). No difference between cohorts A and B was observed regarding hospitalization or length of stay. No ICU admission was registered and one patient in cohort B died due to COVID19. Regarding cancer evolution, three patients in cohort A presented progressive disease after COVID19 compared to two in cohort B. One case in cohort B, initially deemed as stable disease, achieved a partial response after COVID19. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney cancer patients who developed COVID19 while on systemic therapy required more treatment interruptions and hospitalizations than those non-infected. However, no significant impact on cancer outcome was observed. Also, no difference was seen between cases on antiangiogenics or immunotherapy.

Different outcomes among patients with intermediate-risk metastastic renal cell carcinoma treated with first-line tyrosine-kinase inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic therapy of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has improved in the past years, with the advent of new immunotherapy-based combinations as a standard treatment option for first-line therapy. Nevertheless, particularly in good-risk patients by IMDC criteria, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) may remain as an option for some patients. We reviewed our experience with TKI as first-line therapy for mRCC patients, trying to identify subgroups of patients that may still benefit from this strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients with mRCC treated with first-line TKI, and adequate follow-up, in University Hospital La Paz (Madrid, Spain) between 2007 and 2020 were analyzed. Patients treated inside a clinical trial were excluded from this analysis. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients treated with first-line TKI were included. Regarding IMDC criteria, 33 patients (36.7%) were good-risk, 41 patients (45.5%) intermediate-risk, and 16 patients (17.8%) poor-risk. With a median follow-up of 49 months, the median overall survival (OS) for good, intermediate, and poor-risk patients was 54, 24, and 16 months (p = 0.004). When intermediate-risk was divided into patients with 1 or 2 risk factors, differences in OS were also statistically significant: patients with 1 risk factor had a median OS of 33 months, while patients with 2 risk factors had a median OS of 16 months, the same as poor-risk patients (p = 0.003). In the multivariate analysis, trying to find out which of the IMDC factors had a more remarkable weight in the prognosis of the patients, both ECOG and hemoglobin levels by themselves were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSION: In our group of patients, survival outcomes were different among patients with intermediate-risk with 1 or 2 risk factors by IMDC criteria. These could help select patients that may benefit from first-line treatment with a TKI, particularly in settings with difficult access to novel therapies, such as immunotherapy-based combinations.

Evaluation of Intramedullary Methods with Polymethylmethacrylate for Fixation of Bone Lesions of the Extremities.

Objective To evaluate the better potential and functional results in pain control in the treatment of pathological fractures and prophylactic fixation with an intramedullary nail associated with polymethylmethacrylate, compared with the utilization of an intramedullary nail in long bone tumor lesions. Methods From January 2012 to September 2017, 38 patients with 42 pathological lesions (fractures or impending fractures according to the Mirels criteria) were treated surgically. Sixteen patients allocated to the control group underwent a locked intramedullary nail fixation, and 22 patients with pathological lesions were allocated to treatment with an intramedullary nail associated with polymethylmethacrylate. Postoperatively, the patients were submitted to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) rating scale, radiographic assessment, and to the assessment of events and complications related to the treatment. Results The evaluation using the MSTS questionnaire showed better functional results in the group associated with polymethylmethacrylate, in comparison with the control group, which obtained an average score of 16.375 out of a maximum of 30 points (54.6%). The group studied with association with polymethylmethacrylate obtained a mean of 22.36 points (74.5%). The procedure proved to be safe, with similar complication and severity rates, and with no statistical difference in comparison with the standard treatment. Conclusion Stabilization of tumor lesions with an internal fixation associated with the polymethylmethacrylate demonstrated early rehabilitation and improved the quality of life, allowing rapid functional recovery. The use of polymethylmethacrylate has advantages such as reduced bleeding, tumor necrosis and higher mechanical stability.

Evaluation of Intramedullary Methods with Polymethylmethacrylate for Fixation of Bone Lesions of the Extremities / Avaliação de métodos intramedulares com polimetilmetacrilato para fixação em lesões ósseas de extremidades

Abstract Objective To evaluate the better potential and functional results in pain control in the treatment of pathological fractures and prophylactic fixation with an intramedullary nail associated with polymethylmethacrylate, compared with the utilization of an intramedullary nail in long bone tumor lesions. Methods From January 2012 to September 2017, 38 patients with 42 pathological lesions (fractures or impending fractures according to the Mirels criteria) were treated surgically. Sixteen patients allocated to the control group underwent a locked intramedullary nail fixation, and 22 patients with pathological lesions were allocated to treatment with an intramedullary nail associated with polymethylmethacrylate. Postoperatively, the patients were submitted to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) rating scale, radiographic assessment, and to the assessment of events and complications related to the treatment. Results The evaluation using the MSTS questionnaire showed better functional results in the group associated with polymethylmethacrylate, in comparison with the control group, which obtained an average score of 16.375 out of a maximum of 30 points (54.6%). The group studied with association with polymethylmethacrylate obtained a mean of 22.36 points (74.5%). The procedure proved to be safe, with similar complication and severity rates, and with no statistical difference in comparison with the standard treatment. Conclusion Stabilization of tumor lesions with an internal fixation associated with the polymethylmethacrylate demonstrated early rehabilitation and improved the quality of life, allowing rapid functional recovery. The use of polymethylmethacrylate has advantages such as reduced bleeding, tumor necrosis and higher mechanical stability.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o potencial melhor resultado funcional e controle álgico no tratamento de fraturas patológicas e fixações profiláticas tratadas com haste intramedular associada ao polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) em comparação com o uso de haste intramedular em lesões tumorais em ossos longos. Métodos De janeiro de 2012 a setembro de 2017, 38 pacientes com 42 lesões patológicas (fraturas ou iminência segundo os critérios de Mirels) foram tratados cirurgicamente. Dezesseis pacientes submetidos a fixação com haste intramedular bloqueada foram alocados ao grupo controle e 22 pacientes com lesões patológicas foram alocados para tratamento com haste intramedular associada ao PMMA. No pósoperatório, foi realizada a submissão dos pacientes ao escore da Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS, na sigla em inglês) e à avaliação radiográfica do tratamento realizado, assim como à avaliação de intercorrências e complicações relacionadas ao tratamento. Resultados A avaliação através do questionário MSTS demonstrou melhor resultado funcional do grupo associado com PMMA quando comparado com o grupo controle, o qual obteve uma pontuação média de 16,375 em um máximo de 30 pontos (54,6%), enquanto o grupo em estudo com associação do PMMA obteve uma média de 22,36 pontos (74,5%). O procedimento mostrou-se seguro, taxas de complicações e gravidade semelhantes e sem diferença estatística quando comparado com o tratamento padrão. Conclusão A estabilização de lesões tumorais com fixação associada ao PMMA demonstrou reabilitação precoce e melhora na qualidade de vida, permitindo rápida recuperação funcional. A utilização do PMMA apresenta vantagens como diminuição do sangramento e da necrose tumoral e maior estabilidade mecânica.

Prevalência de Chlamydia Trachomatis em Pacientes Portadoras de Lesão Intra-Epitelial Cervical / Prevalence of Chlamydia Trachomatis in Patients with Cervical Intra-Epithelial Injury

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo pretende avaliar a prevalência de infecção por CT em pacientes diagnosticados com lesão intra-epitelial cervical e sua distribuição entre as lesões de baixo e alto grau. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados os laudos citopatológicos e de biologia molecular de 91 pacientes portadoras de lesão intra-epitelial cervical e sua positividade ou não para a CT. Dos prontuários eletrônicos foram compilados os dados relativos à idade destas pacientes, presença de lesão de baixo ou alto grau, presença de metaplasia, acometimento de endocérvix, infecção pelo HPV, além da microbiota e grau de inflamação do colo uterino. RESULTADOS: Apenas o grau da inflamação cervical, mostrou ter relação com a infecção pela bactéria (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Pelo presente estudo a coinfecção HPV e CT em lesões intra-epiteliais foi de 5,4 %, não havendo associação significativa (p=0,6) entre a presença de ambos os agentes e a lesão do colo uterino

PURPOSE: The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of CT infection in patients diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial lesion and its distribution between low and high grade lesions. METHODS: The cytopathological and molecular biology reports of 91 patients with cervical intraepithelial lesion and their positivity or not for CT were evaluated. The data on the age of these patients, the presence of low or high grade lesions, presence of metaplasia, involvement of the endocervix, HPV infection, and the microbiota and degree of inflammation of the uterine cervix were compiled from the electronic medical records. RESULTS: Only the degree of cervical inflammation was shown to be related to infection by the bacterium (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: In the present study, HPV and CT coinfection in intraepithelial lesions was 5.4%, and there was no significant association (p = 0.6) between the presence of both agents and uterine cervix lesion

Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia contains Tp53 mutations and is genetically linked to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.

Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a unique precursor to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma that is typically HPV-negative and frequently associated with nuclear p53 staining. These features imply a mode of pathogenesis involving somatic mutations. However, the genetic relationship of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasm and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and the role of Tp53 mutations in this process have not been resolved. We analyzed 11 differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasms and 6 associated vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. Sections were stained for p53 and p63 and DNA from multiple epithelial sites, representing normal control tissues (n=10), differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias (n=18), and vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (n=6), were obtained by laser capture microdissection, and sequenced for exons 2-11 of Tp53. Six of 10 cases contained at least one Tp53 mutation-positive differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia focus; 4 strongly p53 immuno-positive and 2 negative. Staining for p53 and p63 co-localized, targeting the immature epithelium, but surface epithelium was Tp53 mutation-positive. Four of five vulvar squamous cell carcinomas were Tp53 mutation-positive; two shared identical Tp53 mutation with adjacent differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Disparate foci of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia often showed different mutations consistent with multiple neoplastic clones. Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is, with few exceptions, associated with Tp53 mutations and will be p53 immunopositive when missense mutations (versus some nonsense and all deletion mutations) are present. Multiple Tp53 mutations in different sites supports the presence of multiple independent genetic events, but shared Tp53 mutations in both differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma support a genetic relationship between the two. The confinement of p53 staining to immature cell nuclei is consistent with maturation-dependent degradation of mutant p53 protein.

Primary cardiac osteosarcoma.

Primary cardiac neoplasms are an infrequent disease, as most of the tumors arising in the heart are metastatic. Between the malignant tumors, sarcomas are the most frequent ones, accounting for at least 95% of them. We report the case of a 70-year old woman, diagnosed of primary cardiac osteosarcoma arising in the left atrium. Although complete excision of the tumor was performed, the disease relapsed and subsequently developed metastatic disease. In this paper, we also review briefly the management of this rare disease and the therapeutic options.

Biomarker (ProEx C, p16(INK4A), and MiB-1) distinction of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion from its mimics.

Topoisomerase IIalpha and minichromosome maintenance protein 2 are proteins associated with aberrant S-phase induction. The current study evaluated the performance of these biomarkers (ProEx C; TriPath Oncology, Burlington, NC) compared with p16(INK4A) and MiB-1 in distinguishing high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) from HSIL mimics. We collected archival cervical biopsy, cone, and curettage specimens from 96 cases in which the differential diagnosis of HSIL vs reactive epithelial changes was considered. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained slides were reviewed independently by three pathologists and scored for the presence or absence of SIL. Immunostains for ProEx C, p16, and MiB-1 were available for 95, 96, and 59 samples, respectively, and classified blinded to histological interpretation. Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for p16 and staining for MiB-1 and ProEx C that extended beyond the lower one-third of the epithelium were scored as positive. Chi(2)-tests and receiver operating characteristic analysis were conducted to statistically compare biomarker immunostaining performance against majority histological interpretation of SIL. Agreement between pathologists was also assessed by the kappa-statistic. Inter-observer agreement ranged from fair to moderate (kappa=0.37-0.57). All three biomarkers correlated strongly with the majority diagnosis of SIL (P<0.001). Positive staining for ProEx C, p16, and MiB-1 was observed in 87% (N=52/60), 84% (N=51/61), and 94% (34/36), respectively, of SIL and negative in 71% (N=25/35), 63% (N=22/35), and 52% (N=12/23), respectively, of majority diagnoses of NoSIL. The combination of p16/ProEx C predicted more SIL (92%, N=33/36) and NoSIL (61%, N=14/23) than p16 plus MiB-1 (94%, N=34/36 and 43%, N=10/23), although this difference was not statistically significant. ProEx C appears to provide an equivalent level of sensitivity and a higher level of specificity for HSIL alone or in conjunction with p16. Its principal value may be in providing a lower false positive rate for NoSIL relative to MiB-1.

Relato de dois casos de condiloma imaturo: descrição dos achados colposcópicos, cervicográficos, cito-histológicos e moleculares / Report of two cases of immature cervical condyloma: description of colposcopic, cervicographic, cytohistological and molecular findings

Por meio da descrição de dois casos, os autores visam chamar a atenção para a forma de apresentação do condiloma imaturo ou metaplasia papilar imatura atípica (MPIA), assim como para as dificuldades de detecção citológica, classificação histológica e interpretação adequada. As características do condiloma imaturo ao colposcópio e na cervicografia foram relacionadas com seu aspecto histopatológico e com o padrão colposcópico do condiloma acuminado típico cervical. Exames citopatológicos resultaram negativos ou com células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASCUS). Em um dos casos foi realizada captura híbrida para papilomavírus humano (HPV), que identificou tipos virais de alto e baixo graus. A partir do estudo dos casos concluiu-se que: a) o condiloma imaturo pode ser identificado por exame colposcópico ou cervicográfico, podendo ser precedido ou acompanhado do diagnóstico citológico de ASCUS ou detecção de HPV por teste molecular; b) a caracterização histopatológica dessas lesões como de baixo grau evita o tratamento cirúrgico desnecessário.

Based on the report of two cases, we aim to highlight the presentation of immature condyloma or atypical papillary immature metaplasia (AIM) as well as the difficulties in its cytological detection, histopathological classification and accurate interpretation of results. The colposcopic and cervicographic characteristics of the immature condyloma were related to its histopathological features and the colposcopic standard of acuminated condyloma. Cytopathological exam results were negative or presented atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). In one case, a hybrid capture test for human papillomavirus (HPV) was carried out, what identified viral types of high and low grades. The study concluded that: 1) immature condylomas may be identified by means of colposcopic or cervicographic exam, and may be preceded or followed by a cytological diagnosis for ASCUS or HPV detection using molecular test; 2. histopathological characterization of these lesions as low grade avoids unnecessary surgical treatment.

Repeating cytological preparations on liquid-based cytology samples: A methodological advantage?

This study investigates the rule that repeating cytological preparations on liquid-based cytology improves sample adequacy, diagnosis, microbiological, and hormonal evaluations. We reviewed 156 cases of pap-stained preparations of exfoliated cervical cells in two slides processed by DNA-Cytoliq System. After sample repeat/dilution, limiting factors affecting sample adequacy were removed in nine cases and three unsatisfactory cases were reclassified as satisfactory. Diagnosis was altered in 24 cases. Of these, the original diagnosis in 15 was atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; after the second slide examination, diagnosis in 5 of the 15 cases changed to low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 3 to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and 7 to absence of lesion. Microbiological evaluation was altered, with Candida sp. detected in two repeated slides. Repeat slide preparation or dilution of residual samples enhances cytological diagnosis and decreases effects of limiting factors in manually processed DIGENE DCS LBC.

Value of cytology in papillary condylomatous lesions of the cervix.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of cytology in detecting mature and immature papillary condylomas of the uterine cervix. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated 240 cases of plane cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 1 (CIN 1), and 23 papillary condylomas by Pap smear and biopsy and classified histologic sections according to maturity and keratinization. We reevaluated corresponding cytologic smears and identified criteria of low grade squamous lesion (LSIL) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. RESULTS: Thirteen (56.5%) papillary lesions were histologically classified as mature, 6 (26%) as immature and 4 (17.3%) as mixed. Fifteen lesions (65.2%) were nonkeratinized, 2 (8.6%) keratinized and 6 (26%) partially keratinized. Corresponding smears were cytologically diagnosed as LSIL (6, 26%), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) (7, 30.4%) and negative (10, 43.4%). Careful cytologic review diagnosed only two of the 13 mature lesions; few cytological criteria of LSIL and HPV infection were observed. Koilocytes were seen in just 1 case. Sample limiting factors occurred in 4 cases: 2 cytologically diagnosed as LSIL, 1 asASCUS and 1 as negative for lesion. CONCLUSION: Cytology was not effective in the detection of cervical condyloma acuminatum, independent of limitations in sample adequacy and of the degree of maturity or keratinization of the lesions.

Cervicites e seus agentes na rotina dos exames colpocitológicos / Cervicitis, and its agents in the Pap smear routine

Introdução: cervicite é um dos assuntos mais controvertidos na patologia cervical e sua definição varia muito de acordo com a análise dos aspectos clínico, citológico, colposcópico e histológico. Objetivo: considerando a capacidade do teste de Papanicolaou na identificação de agentes microbiológicos e a leucorréia como causa mais freqüente de consulta ginecológica, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a prevalência de cervicite e seus agentes microbiológicos na rotina dos exames colpocitológicos. Métodos: foram analisados 500 esfregaços cérvico-vaginais da rotina da Divisão de Patologia do Instituto Nacional do Câncer (DIPAT-INCA). Foram excluídos 171 (34,2%) casos por não conterem células glandulares endocervicais. Os critérios utilizados para o diagnóstico de cervicite foram: 1) alterações nas células metaplásicas e endocervicais-metacromasia, pseudo-eosinofilia, binucleação ou multinucleação, aumento do volume nuclear e nucléolos proeminentes; 2) intensidade do exsudato inflamatório; e 3) a quantidade de muco cervical presente no esfregaço. Resultados: dos 329 casos estudados, 207 casos (63%) apresentaram cervicite. A idade das pacientes variou de 15 a 74 anos, sendo a idade média de 36 anos. Quanto aos critérios utilizados para o diagnóstico, 98% apresentavam metacromasia, 97,8% pseudo-eosinofilia, 47,5% ativação nuclear e 6,7% binucleação ou multinucleação. Nenhum caso apresentou nucléolo proeminente. Apenas 0,8% dos casos apresentou cervicite linfócita. De acordo com a microbiota bacteriana e os agentes causais de inflamação, 47% apresentaram microbiota de bacilos de Dodërlein, 23,8% microbiota de bacilos curtos, 5,3% microbiota de cocos, 7,7% microbiota mista, 21,8% microbiota sugestiva de Gardnerella vaginalis, em 6,3% microbiota não-visualizada, 0,5% apresentou célula com inclusões sugestivas de clamídia, 4,3% tricomoníase e 2,4% candisíase. Conclusão: o presente estudo demonstrou a eficácia do método de Papanicolaou para o diagnóstico de cervicite.

Relação entre a carga viral de HPV oncogênico determinada pelo método de captura híbrida e o diagnóstico citológico de lesões de alto grau / Association between high-risk human papillomavirus DNA load detected by hybrid capture II and high-grade precursor lesions of cervical cancer in women

INTRODUÇÃO: O papilomavírus humano (HPV) é o principal fator de risco para as neoplasias intra-epiteliais cervicais (NIC) e o câncer cervical. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar se há associação entre a carga viral de HPV oncogênico (alto risco), determinada por meio do teste molecular captura híbrida II (CH II), e o diagnóstico de lesões de alto grau (NIC II/III). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 982 amostras cervicovaginais de exames ginecológicos de rotina, obtidas pelos métodos Papanicolaou convencional e/ou citologia em base líquida (DNA-Citoliq-Digene). Os resultados foram confirmados utilizando-se o método de captura híbrida (CH [Digene]) para detecção de DNA/HPV de alto grau. Os resultados com valor > 1 pg/ml foram considerados positivos, e esses foram divididos em dois grupos: 1. carga viral < 100 pg/ml, e 2. carga viral > 100 pg/ml. RESULTADOS: Dos 210 (21,4 por cento) casos diagnosticados como NIC I, 152 (72,4 por cento) foram positivos para HPV de alto risco por CH II. Desses, 101 (66,4 por cento) apresentaram carga viral > 100 pg/ml. O diagnóstico de NIC II ou III foi confirmado por CH II de alto risco em 86 (43,6 por cento) casos, contudo, entre esses, em 53 (61,6 por cento) a carga viral detectada foi > 100 pg/ml. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados demonstram que há uma clara associação entre o valor da carga viral determinada pelo método CH II (versão 1) e o grau das lesões precursoras de câncer. Pacientes com carga viral superior a 100 'g/ml devem ser monitoradas periodicamente.

INTRODUCTION: Infection with oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV) has been established as the main etiologic agent for cervical cancer and of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between viral loads of the high risk HPV using the hybrid capture II (HC II) system and CIN lesion stage. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 982 women with diagnosis of negative or of CIN I-III with Pap or liquid-based cytology (DNA-Citoliq-Digene) were included. HC II testing was used to detected HPV DNA. Viral load was measured expressed as relative lights unit (RLU) ratio. RLU ratios were categorized for analysis into three groups: negative (< 1 pg/ml); positive with low viral load (< 100 pg/ml); positive with high viral load (> 100 pg/ml). RESULTS: A total of 152 (72.4 percent) of 210 (21.4 percent) patients with CIN II, 53 (61.6 percent) of 86 (43.6 percent) with CIN II-III were positive for HPV DNA, the higher the viral load (> 100 pg/ml) were observed in 101 (66.4 percent) and 53 (61.6 percent) patients with CIN I or CIN II-III, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a clear association between viral load HPV DNA determined by HC II (version 1) assay and CIN stage. We concluded that the high viral load has a clinical importance for the management of patients with CIN.

Carcinoma adenoescamoso do colo uterino mimetizando carcinoma adenóide basal: relato de um caso e revisão da literatura / Adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix mimicking adenoid basal carcinoma: case report and review of the literature

O carcinoma adenoescamoso do colo uterino é definido como um tumor que contém uma mistura de células malignas com diferenciação escamosa e glandular. A literatura salienta a importância de se fazer esse diagnóstico, uma vez que, quando os componentes não são bem diferenciados ou não se encontram evidentes na amostra analisada, esse tumor pode ser erroneamente interpretado como carcinoma escamoso ou adenocarcinoma. O presente trabalho descreve a apresentação pouco comum de um carcinoma adenoescamoso. Após sucessivos diagnósticos citológicos não concordantes e complicados por uma história de sangramento uterino anormal ocasionado por endometriose cervical, a paciente de 47 anos foi submetida a histerectomia total, obtendo diagnóstico definitivo. Esse particular tumor aqui relatado foi diagnosticado como carcinoma adenoescamoso, mas em muitos aspectos apresentou-se semelhante ao carcinoma adenóide basal. Elementos característicos do carcinoma adenóide basal, como presença de lesão intra-epitelial escamosa na superfície, diferenciação escamosa e glandular no centro dos blocos neoplásicos e células basalóides na profundidade da lesão, foram observados em nosso caso. Em contrapartida, os seguintes elementos normalmente não observados no carcinoma adenóide basal estavam presentes: atipias e figuras de mitose nas células indiferenciadas da profundidade do tumor e lesão intra-epitelial escamomucinosa (SMILE) na superfície. Fatores epidemiológicos e clínicos, como idade (47), raça (branca) e forma de apresentação clínica (massa visível na inspeção cervical), também colaboraram para afastar esse diagnóstico diferencial. Outros diagnósticos diferenciais do carcinoma adenoescamoso do colo uterino incluem o carcinoma puramente escamoso ou glandular, o tumor de colisão e o adenocarcinoma de endométrio com diferenciação escamosa invadindo o colo uterino.

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix is defined as a tumor that contains a mixture of malignant cells with squamous and glandular differentiation. The literature points to the importance of making this diagnosis when the cellular components are still well differentiated in the sample, otherwise the tumor may be erroneously interpreted as squamous carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. This study describes an unusual presentation of a adenosquamous carcinoma in a 47 year old patient. After conflicting cytological diagnoses and a history of abnormal uterine bleeding caused by cervical endometriosis, the patient was subjected to radical hysterectomy and a final diagnosis was obtained. The tumor was diagnosed as adenosquamous carcinoma. In many aspects, however, it was similar to the adenoid basal carcinoma. Characteristic features of the adenoid basal carcinoma such as the presence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in the surface epithelium, squamous and glandular differentiation in the center of the neoplastic mass, and basaloid cells in deep areas of the tumor were observed. Therefore, the following elements usually absent from adenoid basal carcinoma were present in this case: atypia and mitotic figures in undifferentiated cells, squamous-mucinous intraepithelial lesion (SMILE) in the superficial areas. Epidemiological and clinical data, such as patient age (47), race (white) and presentation (a cervical mass), concurred to exclude the diagnosis of adenoid basal carcinoma. Other differential diagnoses include pure squamous carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, collision tumor, and endometrial adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation invading the uterine cervix.

Investigação do valor da categoria diagnóstica de células epiteliais atípicas, de significado indeterminado, e origem indefinida da nomenclatura brasileira para laudos citopatológicos cervicais / Investigation of the value of the atypical epithelial cells of undetermined significance and origin diagnostic category proposed by the Brazilian nomenclature for reporting cervical cytological diagnosis

INTRODUÇÃO: Em 2002 a Nomenclatura Brasileira para Laudos de Citopatologia Cervical Uterina foi revisada, sendo criada uma categoria para atipias de significado indeterminado (ASI) e elaborada uma categoria de origem indefinida (ASIOI). Assim como as células atípicas de significado indeterminado de origem escamosa (ASCUS) e as células atípicas de significado indeterminado de origem glandular (AGUS), a categoria diagnóstica ASIOI é controversa. Apesar disso, nenhum estudo nacional anterior a este investigou sua validade. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal investigar a importância da categoria ASIOI. Secundariamente, visa ainda contribuir com a divulgação da Nomenclatura Brasileira para Laudos de Citopatologia Cervical Uterina, através de sua publicação na íntegra. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este estudo resultou da colaboração de dois laboratórios privados de anatomia patológica e citopatologia. Os casos foram selecionados a partir de arquivos de exames citopatológicos, realizados entre 2000 e 2004, com diagnóstico de ASCUS ou AGUS e seguidos por exame histológico. Foram selecionados e revisados 30 casos, sendo identificados campos citológicos diagnósticos de ASIOI, ASCUS e AGUS. RESULTADOS: Dos 30 casos, 26 foram selecionados para o estudo após revisão citopatológica. Desses, 19 apresentavam apenas campos citológicos com diagnóstico de ASCUS e/ou AGUS, sendo utilizados como grupo-controle. Apenas sete casos continham campos compatíveis com ASIOI, dos quais 4 (57,1 por cento) estavam associados a AGUS; 1 (14,3 por cento) a ASCUS; 1 (14,3 por cento) estava associado a ambos; e 1 (14,3 por cento) não possuía alterações compatíveis com ASCUS e/ou AGUS. DISCUSSÃO: Os casos de ASIOI encontrados mostraram forte associação com a categoria AGUS e com alterações glandulares na histologia. A maior parte dessas correspondeu a alterações reacionais e benignas, exceto por um caso de displasia e um de adenocarcinoma in situ. O diagnóstico de ASIOI é um achado raro e uma cuidadosa revisão da lâmina, na maioria dos casos, resultará no encontro de campos de AGUS. Vale ainda salientar a forte associação desse diagnóstico com áreas de má fixação nos esfregaços. Novos estudos sobre o assunto serão necessários. Com base nos achados do presente estudo, sugerimos que a persistência desse termo deva ser questionada em futuras revisões da nomenclatura nacional para laudos citopatológicos.

Sexually-transmitted viral diseases in women: clinical and epidemiological aspects and advances in laboratory diagnosis.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have long been known, but they have only recently been recognized as causes of significant long-term morbidity, mainly as a result of increased knowledge concerning viral STDs. The relationship of these diseases with conditions such as anogenital cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has made viral STDs an important issue in the healthcare of women and infants, and in reproductive health. The evolution of the AIDS pandemic is now characterized by growing differences between rich and poor nations. New diagnostic tools include rapid tests of blood, urine and saliva samples. New techniques, such as computerized cytology, have been developed for the diagnosis of human papillomavirus (HPV). Women infected with HIV are at a greater risk of being co-infected with HPV, and they are also more prone to the progression and persistence of HPV lesions. The herpes simplex virus presents high rates of co-infection with HIV, and it plays a particularly important role in increasing transmission rates of this virus.

Cervical cancer screening program of Paraná: cytohistological correlation results after five years.

Since its inception in November 1997, the Cervical Cancer Screening Program of Paraná (CCSPP), Brazil, has resulted in the cytological screening of 2,244,158 women, the coverage of the female population increasing from 43% to 86%. One thousand six hundred one cases screened by cytology, submitted to colposcopy, and subjected to treatment were selected. Cytopathological results were compared with those obtained on the basis of histological analyses of the loop electrical excision procedure specimens, and were subjected to statistical analyses. The data obtained were then compared with cytohistological correlation results from the first year of the program. Considering the exact correlation between cytological and histological diagnoses, the correlation index increased from 53.34% in the first year to 67.3% at the end of 5 yr of the program. Variations that occurred in each diagnostic category are discussed. This study demonstrates a significant improvement in the concordance between cytological and histological results for the 5-yr period compared with the first year of the CCSPP.

Metaplasia óssea do endométrio: relato de caso / Endometrium osseous metaplasia: a case

Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente que apresentou aborto seguido de infeccão, resultando em esterilidade secundária. Após curetagem uterina terapêutica, o laudo do exame anatomopatológico foi de endometrite crônica com fibrose, calcificacão e metaplasia óssea. Na evolucão, a paciente apresentou sinéquia de corpo e colo uterino. Apesar de rara, a metaplasia óssea endometrial deve ser considerada no diagnóstico de infertilidade. O presente relato salienta a importância do diagnóstico histopatológico e do conhecimento da etiopatogenia dessa entidade, sua associacão com a endometrite crônica e história de abortamento.