Molecular dynamics of amorphous gentiobiose studied by solid-state NMR.

A solid-state NMR (SSNMR) study is reported on the effect of temperature on the molecular mobility of amorphous gentiobiose, which is complemented with data obtained from crystalline samples. (13)C cross-polarization/magic-angle-spinning (CPMAS) spectra and (1)H MAS spectra were obtained for gentiobiose at natural abundance, in the amorphous state, from 293 K up to the glass transformation region (T(g) = 359 K). Two well-defined molecular mobility regimes were observed, corresponding to different motional modes. NMR results on molecular dynamics are discussed and compared with those obtained by thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). SSNMR spectra presented evidence for a new polymorphic form of gentiobiose, not yet reported in the literature, which is obtained by slow heating of the amorphous solid up to 364 K inside the NMR zirconia rotor.

Molecular mobility studies on the amorphous state of disaccharides. I-thermally stimulated currents and differential scanning calorimetry.

The relaxational processes in amorphous solid gentiobiose and cellobiose are studied by thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) in the temperature region from 108K up to 423K. The slow molecular mobility was characterized in the crystal and in the glassy state. The features of different motional components of the secondary relaxation have been monitored as a function of time as the glass structurally relaxes on aging. It is concluded that some modes of motion of this mobility are aging independent, while others are affected by aging. The value of the steepness index or fragility (T(g)-normalized temperature dependence of the relaxation time) was obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from the analysis of the scanning rate dependency of T(g).

Calorimetric studies on the phenolic glycoside D(-)-salicin.

A pure orthorhombic phase sample of D(-)-salicin was purified and characterized for calorimetric measurements. From differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements it was found that the onset and maximum temperatures of the fusion peak were T(on) = (473.30 +/- 0.05) K and T(max) = (474.74 +/- 0.05) K, respectively, and that the corresponding standard enthalpy of fusion was Delta(cr)(l) H(m)(o) = (55.5 +/- 0.4) kJ mol(-1). From the last two values the standard entropy of fusion is calculated as Delta(cr)(l) S(m)(o) = (116.9 +/- 0.4) J mol(-1) K(-1). The standard molar enthalpy of formation of orthorhombic D(-)-salicin at T = 298.15 K, was determined as Delta(f) H(m)(o) (C(13)H(18)O(7), cr, orthorhombic) = -(1366.9 +/- 3.2) kJ mol(-1), by combustion calorimetry. From the results of solution calorimetry obtained in this work and some auxiliary values taken from the literature the enthalpy of reaction of hydrolysis of D(-)-salicin to produce beta-glucose and o-hydroxybenzyl alcohol was found marginally thermoneutral, if the uncertainty interval was considered. Additionally, specific heat capacity measurements on the orthorhombic phase, glass and liquid-quenched glass obtained by DSC was reported.

Relaxation behaviour of D(-)-salicin as studied by Thermally Stimulated Depolarisation Currents (TSDC) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).

Thermally Stimulated Depolarisation Currents (TSDC) measurements on D(-)-salicin have been carried out in the temperature region from -165 degrees C up to 150 degrees C. The slow molecular mobility was characterised in the crystal and in the glassy state. The value of the steepness index or fragility (T(g)-normalized temperature dependence of the relaxation time) was obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) from the analysis of the scanning rate dependency of T(g). The existence of an unknown polymorph of salicin is also reported.

Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study of the sublimation and vaporization energetics of iron metalocenes. crystal structures of Fe(eta5-C5H4CH3)2 and Fe[(eta5-(C5H5)(eta5-C5H4CHO)].

The standard molar enthalpies of sublimation of ferrocene, 1,1'-dimethylferrocene, decamethylferrocene, ferrocenecarboxaldehyde and alpha-methylferrocenemethanol, and the enthalpy of vaporization of N,N-dimethyl(aminomethyl)ferrocene, at 298.15 K, were determined by Calvet-drop microcalorimetry and/or the Knudsen effusion method. The obtained values were used to assess and refine our previously developed force field for metallocenes. The modified force field was able to reproduce the deltasubHdegreesm and deltavapHdegreesm values of the test-set with an accuracy better than 5 kJ.mol-1, except for decamethylferrocene, in which case the deviation between the calculated and experimental deltasubHdegreesm values was 16.1 kJ.mol-1. The origin of the larger error found in the prediction of the sublimation energetics of decamethylferrocene, and which was also observed in the estimation of structural properties (e.g., density and unit cell dimensions), is discussed. Finally, the crystal structures of Fe(eta5-C5H4CH3)2 and Fe[(eta5-(C5H5)(eta5-C5H4CHO)] at 293 and 150 K, respectively, are reported.

The slow molecular mobility in amorphous trehalose.

The molecular mobility in amorphous trehalose is studied by thermally stimulated depolarisation currents (TSDC). The effect of aging on the sub-T(g) motional processes was analysed during annealing at a given aging temperature, some degrees below the calorimetric glass transition temperature T(g)=115 degrees C. The features of different motional components of the secondary relaxation are monitored as a function of time as the glass structurally relaxes on aging. The faster components of the secondary relaxation are negligibly dependent on aging and may be ascribed to intramolecular modes of motion, while the slower motional modes show a significant dependence on aging consisting of some kind of local motions with some intermolecular nature. The dielectric strength of this relaxation decreases with increasing aging time, and there is no evidence for any modification with aging of the relaxation time of this local mobility. The TSDC study of the molecular mobility of amorphous trehalose in the temperature region of the glass transformation provides the unexpected result that no glass transition signal is observable in this temperature region.

Effect of physical aging on the Johari-Goldstein and alpha relaxations of D-sorbitol: a study by thermally stimulated depolarization currents.

The relaxations in amorphous D-sorbitol have been studied by thermally stimulated depolarization currents during annealing at 255 K, which is 17 K below its calorimetric glass transition temperature Tg=272 K. As the glass structurally relaxes on aging, the features of the alpha relaxation and of the Johari-Goldstein (JG) relaxation change with time. For the alpha relaxation (i) the dielectric strength decreases; (ii) the activation energy decreases; and (iii) the relaxation time increases. For the JG relaxation the dielectric strength also decreases but with a different time dependence, and there is no evidence for any modification of the kinetic features of the mobility. The amplitude of response to aging is higher for the higher temperature motional components of the Johari-Goldstein relaxation compared with the lower temperature ones.

Slow molecular mobility in the crystalline and amorphous solid states of pentitols: a study by thermally stimulated depolarisation currents and by differential scanning calorimetry.

The molecular mobility of the pentitol isomers (xylitol, adonitol, D-arabitol and L-arabitol) was studied by thermally stimulated depolarisation currents (TSDC) in the crystalline and in the amorphous solid states. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to characterise the phase transformations, to detect polymorphism and to analyse the dynamics of the structural relaxation in the glassy state (from the heating rate dependence of the onset temperature of the glass transition signal). The mobility in crystalline xylitol and adonitol displays features that are different compared with crystalline arabitols. No difference of the dynamic behaviour seems to emerge from our results on the primary and secondary relaxations in the amorphous isomeric pentitols. The values of the steepness index or fragility obtained in this work by TSDC and DSC are compared with the values reported in the literature obtained from other experimental techniques, and with values predicted by empirical formulae.

Molecular mobility in raffinose in the crystalline pentahydrate form and in the amorphous anhydrous form.

PURPOSE: The aims of the study are to characterize the slow molecular mobility in solid raffinose in the crystalline pentahydrate form, as well as in the anhydrous amorphous form (Tg = 109 degrees C at 5 degrees C/min), and to analyze the differences and the similarities of the molecular motions in both forms. METHODS: Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) is used to isolate the individual modes of motion present in raffinose, in the temperature range between -165 and +60 degrees C. From the experimental output of the TSDC experiments, the kinetic parameters associated with the different relaxational modes of motion were obtained, which allowed a detailed characterization of the distribution of relaxation times of the complex relaxations observed in raffinose. The features of the glass transition relaxation in raffinose were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). RESULTS: A complex mobility was found in the crystalline form of raffinose. From the analysis of the TSDC data, we conclude that these molecular motions are local and noncooperative. A sub-Tg relaxation, or secondary process, was also detected and analyzed by TSDC in the amorphous phase. It has low activation energy and low degree of cooperativity. The glass transition was studied by DSC. The fragility index (Angell's scale) of raffinose obtained from DSC data is m = 148. CONCLUSIONS: TSDC proved to be an adequate technique to study the molecular mobility in the crystalline pentahydrate form of raffinose. In the amorphous form, on the other hand, the secondary relaxation was analyzed by TSDC, but the study of the glass transition relaxation was not possible by this experimental technique as a consequence of conductivity problems. The DSC study of the glass transition indicates that raffinose is an extremely fragile glass former.

Energetics of hydroxybenzoic acids and of the corresponding carboxyphenoxyl radicals. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.

The energetics of the phenolic O-H bond in the three hydroxybenzoic acid isomers and of the intramolecular hydrogen O-H- - -O-C bond in 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-OHBA, were investigated by using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. The standard molar enthalpies of formation of monoclinic 3- and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids, at 298.15 K, were determined as Delta(f)(3-OHBA, cr) = -593.9 +/- 2.0 kJ x mol(-1) and Delta(f)(4-OHBA, cr) = -597.2 +/- 1.4 kJ x mol(-1), by combustion calorimetry. Calvet drop-sublimation calorimetric measurements on monoclinic samples of 2-, 3-, and 4-OHBA, led to the following enthalpy of sublimation values at 298.15 K: Delta(sub)(2-OHBA) = 94.4 +/- 0.4 kJ x mol(-1), Delta(sub)(3-OHBA) = 118.3 +/- 1.1 kJ x mol(-1), and Delta(sub)(4-OHBA) = 117.0 +/- 0.5 kJ x mol(-1). From the obtained Delta(f)(cr) and Delta(sub) values and the previously reported enthalpy of formation of monoclinic 2-OHBA (-591.7 +/- 1.3 kJ x mol(-1)), it was possible to derive Delta(f)(2-OHBA, g) = -497.3 +/- 1.4 kJ x mol(-1), Delta(f)(3-OHBA, g) = -475.6 +/- 2.3 kJ x mol(-1), and Delta(f)(4-OHBA, cr) = -480.2 +/- 1.5 kJ x mol(-1). These values, together with the enthalpies of isodesmic and isogyric gas-phase reactions predicted by density functional theory (B3PW91/aug-cc-pVDZ, MPW1PW91/aug-cc-pVDZ, and MPW1PW91/aug-cc-pVTZ) and the CBS-QMPW1 methods, were used to derive the enthalpies of formation of the gaseous 2-, 3-, and 4-carboxyphenoxyl radicals as (2-HOOCC(6)H(4)O(*), g) = -322.5 +/- 3.0 kJ.mol(-1) Delta(f)(3-HOOCC(6)H(4)O(*), g) = -310.0 +/- 3.0 kJ x mol(-1), and Delta(f)(4-HOOCC(6)H(4)O(*), g) = -318.2 +/- 3.0 kJ x mol(-1). The O-H bond dissociation enthalpies in 2-OHBA, 3-OHBA, and 4-OHBA were 392.8 +/- 3.3, 383.6 +/- 3.8, and 380.0 +/- 3.4 kJ x mol(-1), respectively. Finally, by using the ortho-para method, it was found that the H- - -O intramolecular hydrogen bond in the 2-carboxyphenoxyl radical is 25.7 kJ x mol(-1), which is ca. 6-9 kJ x mol(-1) above the one estimated in its parent (2-OHBA), viz. 20.2 kJ x mol(-1) (theoretical) or 17.1 +/- 2.1 kJ x mol(-1) (experimental).