Long-Term Outcomes After Percutaneous Closure of Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect in the Young: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess procedural characteristics, early clinical outcome, and long-term complications after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) in children. BACKGROUND: Transcatheter closure has become the preferred strategy in most cases of isolated secundum ASD. However, reported experience in the pediatric population is limited. METHODS: A 1998 to 2016 retrospective multicenter study was performed in 9 French tertiary institutions. All children who had an attempt of percutaneous ASD closure with an Amplatzer Septal Occluder were included. RESULTS: In 1,326 children (39% males; median age, 9 years [0.7 to 18]; weight, 29 kg [3.6 to 92]), transcatheter ASD closure was performed. Median ASD size was 15 mm (3 to 41); 254 (19.1%) patients had a large ASD (≥20 mm/m2). Procedural success rate was 95.3% (95% confidence interval: 93.9% to 96.3%). No death was observed but periprocedural complications occurred in 24 patients (1.8%). After a median follow-up of 3.5 years (range 6 months to 18 years; 173 patients [13%] followed >10 years), delayed major complications were minimal (n = 12; 1.04%) including no death and/or cardiac erosion. Periprocedural and delayed complications rates were significantly higher in children ≤15 kg (5.2% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.007 and 3.1% vs. 0.7%; p < 0.007, respectively) and those with large ASD (3.5% vs. 1.4%; p = 0.008 and 1.7% vs. 0.7%; p = 0.052, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter ASD closure using Amplatzer Septal Occluder is safe in children with a minimal rate of periprocedural complications and a favorable long-term outcome, especially with no death or cardiac erosion despite a substantial proportion of large defects. Children ≤15 kg and those with large ASDs had a greater risk of complications.

Transcatheter closure of large atrial septal defects: feasibility and safety in a large adult and pediatric population.

BACKGROUND: Data are needed on the safety and efficacy of device closure of large atrial septal defects. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2013, 336 patients (161 children <15 years) with large, isolated, secundum atrial septal defects (balloon-stretched diameter ≥34 mm in adults or echocardiographic diameter >15 mm/m(2) in children) were managed using the Amplatzer device, at the Marie Lannelongue Hospital. Transthoracic echocardiographic guidance was used starting in 2005 (n=219; 65.2%). Balloon-stretched diameter was >40 mm in 36 adults; mean values were 37.6±3.3 mm in other adults and 26.3±6.3 mm/m(2) in children. Amplatzer closure was successful in 311 (92.6%; 95% confidence interval, 89%-95%) patients. Superior and posterior rim deficiencies were more common in failed than in successful procedures (superior, 24.0% versus 4.8%; P=0.002; and posterior, 32.0% versus 4.2%; P<0.001). Device migration occurred in 4 adults (2 cases each of surgical and transcatheter retrieval); in the 21 remaining failures, the device was unreleased and withdrawn. After a median follow-up of 10.0 years (2.5-17 years), all patients were alive with no history of late complications. CONCLUSIONS: Closure of large atrial septal defects using the Amplatzer device is safe and effective in both adults and children. Superior and posterior rim deficiencies are associated with procedural failure. Closure can be performed under transthoracic echocardiographic guidance in experienced centers. Early device migration is rare and can be safely managed by device extraction. Long-term follow-up showed no deaths or major late complications in our population of 311 patients.

Results of the double switch operation for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.

BACKGROUND: Congenitally corrected TGA (CC-TGA) is characterized by discordant atrioventricular and ventriculo arterial connections. In absence of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO), repair by atrial and arterial switches remains a challenging procedure for which long term follow-up is uncertain. METHODS: From 1995 to 2007, 20 patients (median age: 26 months) with CC-TGA had double switch procedure. Segmental anatomy was {SLL} in all patients, dextrocardia in two patients, mesocardia in two patients. Ventricular septal defect was present in 17 patients, aortic coarctation in 2 patients and interrupted aortic arch (IAoA) in 1 patient. Five patients had tricuspid valve regurgitation. Six patients had AV blocks, 4 patients had pacemaker implantation prior to repair. Pulmonary artery banding was performed in 17 patients, for congestive heart failure (14 patients) or left ventricular retraining (3 patients). Three patients, including one patient with IAoA had primary repair. After LV retraining, repair was performed when indexed LV mass to LV volume ratio was above 1.5. A median follow-up of 60 months was achieved in all. RESULTS: There were no deaths. Postoperative pacemaker implantation was required in four patients. Reoperation for Senning obstruction was necessary in one patient, and pacemaker battery replacement in another patient. One patient had mild neoaortic insufficiency, two had mild tricuspid regurgitation and two had mild mitral regurgitation. All were in NYHA I-II. Actuarial survival at 10 years was 100% and freedom from reoperation at 5 and 10 years were 93% and 77.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Double switch for CC-TGA without RVOTO can be performed with no mortality and low morbidity. Since these results seem to last for several years, it should be considered as the optimal procedure.

Left-sided lesions after anatomic repair of transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and coarctation: surgical factors.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to identify potential anatomic and surgical factors creating left-sided lesions, namely recoarctation of the aorta and neoaortic regurgitation, after anatomic repair of transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and aortic coarctation. METHODS: From 1983 to September 2002, 109 survivors out of 120 patients were studied. Two-stage repair was performed in 42 patients (group A), and single-stage repair was performed in 67 (groups B and C). Before repair, the diameters of the ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery were measured. In the patients with single-stage repair, coarctation was repaired by extended end-to-end anastomosis in 35 patients (group B) and by pulmonary homograft patch augmentation in 32 patients (group C). The ventricular septal defect was closed through the pulmonary artery in 70 patients and through the right ventricle or atrium in 39 patients. The neoaorto-aortic discrepancy was treated by V-shaped resection of the posterior sinus of Valsalva in 7 cases, pulmonary homograft patch in 32 cases, and anterior splitting of the ascending aorta in all cases. Before discharge from the hospital, neoaortic root and ascending aorta diameters and aortic regurgitation grade were recorded. Neoaortic regurgitation progression and reintervention were the end points of follow-up (97.2 +/- 61.2 months). RESULTS: Early and late survivals were significantly better in group C (P <.001). Risk factors for neoaortic regurgitation at discharge by univariate analysis were single-stage repair (P <.05) and ventricular septal defect closure through the pulmonary artery (P =.0076). On multivariate analysis, the latter was the only risk factor for neoaortic regurgitation at discharge and at last follow-up. Multivariate analysis showed that higher neoaortic root/ascending aorta ratio and ventricular septal defect closure through the pulmonary artery were risk factors for neoaortic regurgitation evolution at last follow-up. There were 29 reinterventions, 19 for recoarctation of the aorta and 10 for neoaortic regurgitation with or without aortic root dilatation. Group B (P <.05), high neoaortic root/ascending aorta ratio (P <.01), and progressive neoaortic regurgitation (P <.05) were risk factors for recoarctation of the aorta. Group A was a risk factor for aortic valve replacement at 10 years (P <.05). CONCLUSION: Neonatal single-stage repair with pulmonary homograft aortic augmentation remains the optimal approach to transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and aortic coarctation. It provides better early and late survivals and freedoms from left-sided lesions. Avoidance of late recoarctation of the aorta and progressive neoaortic regurgitation requires meticulous closure of the ventricular septal defect and evenly sized reconstruction of the aorta from root to distal arch.