Inline skating injuries: medical and sociological aspects.

INTRODUCTION: Inline skating is becoming more and more popular all over the world. This results in a rapid increase in sports injuries. The aim of our study was to analyse injury patterns and injury causes as well as the influence of the social status on possessing and using protective equipment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We recorded and evaluated 76 accidents in our outpatient department by means of standardised questionnaires over a period of 18 months. We checked the direct circumstances of the accident, social situation and aspects of the family's social status. RESULTS: The average age of the injured person was 12.5 years. The most common injury localisations were the distal forearm (39.5 %) and the wrist (9.2 %), the most common types of injuries were fractures (51.9 %, especially upper extremity) and distortions (17.6 %). Most injuries happened in easy driving situations, like gliding, turning and braking. The injured children did not differ significantly from the general population. The willingness of children to wear special safety gear increased with the social status of their family. CONCLUSION: Learning the fundamental techniques can improve driving skills and reduce the number of injuries. Integration of skating lessons in physical education at school is desirable, especially regarding the injured person's age and would improve their willingness to wear protectors, independent of the social status.

Gender-specific differences in school sports injuries.

OBJECTIVE: About 5 % of the pupils suffer from an injury in school sports every year. In addition to the kind of injury, the localization and the type of sport, the corresponding reasons for the injuries should be investigated to provide insights for physical education. METHODS: In a prospective study 213 accident cases with 234 injuries during physical education classes were examined. At primary presentation in our clinic, an empirical questionnaire was used to document the grade of class, the exact time point of the injury, the question of guilt, out-of-school sports activity as well as the mechanisms of injuries and the type of sport. Clinicians who worked in our out-patient clinic completed the questionnaire after physical examination documenting diagnosis, therapy and the duration of restriction of sports practice. All patients were followed until returning to physical education at school. The data were statistically analyzed using the chi (2)-test to examine gender-specific differences. RESULTS: Gender-specific differences were seen in the type (p = 0.018) and mechanisms (p = 0.028) of injuries. The most common injuries were sprains (female pupils 36.8 % male pupils 24.5 %], contusions (female pupils 27.4 % male pupils 27.9 %) and fractures (female pupils 14.7 % male pupils 18.6 %). Frequent mechanisms of injuries were errors in basic motion training like running, jumping and catching (female pupils 35.8 % male pupils 28.8 %). No gender-specific differences could be shown for the localization of injuries or for the type of sport. The upper extremity with 55 % was more frequently involved than the lower extremity with 37 %. Playing soccer (21.2 %) and basketball (19.8 %) were the most frequent reasons for sports injuries. The highest prevalence of school sports injuries occurred at the onset of and during puberty. CONCLUSION: For the girls it is necessary to improve the basic motor skills, while the boys need to learn considerate behavior and how to read the game. Basic skill levels in ball games must be improved before practice in competition form is initiated.

[Sports injuries, sports damages and diseases of world class athletes practicing modern pentathlon]. / Verletzungen, Schäden und Erkrankungsmuster bei Modernen Fünfkämpfer(inne)n der Weltklasse.

108 world class athletes (54 males, 54 females) practicing modern pentathlon had been interviewed about their individual training and competition efforts as well as their sports related injuries, damages and diseases in the last world cup season using a standardized empirical questionnaire. The mean training extent was about 25 hours per week, the mean number of national and international competitions athletes made was 9, especially concerning swimming and running. Mean number of health threatening incidents of each athlete had been 2 with 41% diseases such as otitis and pharyngitis, 23% injuries such as contusions and distortions and 33% damages such as tendinitis, periostitis and strains. Head and neck involvement were more frequent than those of pelvis and the lower extremities. Training efforts were the most frequent reasons for health threatening events (84%), especially concerning diseases and damages, whereas most of the injuries happened during competitions (p<.01). Most of the injuries happened practicing horse riding during competitions (9%). Running was the most frequent reason for damages, whereas horse riding is the leading cause for injuries, furthermore damages and injuries are typical for fencing. Swimming is often associated with diseases. In contrary shooting did not show typically affiliated health threatening events. The incidence of health threatening incidents concerning world class athletes practicing modern pentathlon is quite low. Especially running and swimming combined with a high training extent empirically predisposed to suffer from damages and diseases. Horse riding with a quite low training extent and fencing show a higher incidence of injuries. From the training-methodological point of view the training extent should not be too extended. Due to a high number of diseases it may be profitable to be in attendance of an inner medicine physician.

Carbonyl- and carboxyl-substituted enediynes: synthesis, computations, and thermal reactivity.

The influence of electron-withdrawing groups (carbonyl and carboxyl) at the alkyne termini on the reactivity of enediynes was investigated by a combination of experimental and computational techniques. While the general chemical reactivity of such enediynes, especially if non-benzannelated, is increased markedly, the thermal cyclization, giving rise to Bergman cyclization products, is changed little relative to the parent enediyne system. This is evident from kinetic measurements and from density functional theory (DFT, BLYP/6-31G + thermal corrections) computations of the experimental systems which show that the Bergman cyclization barriers slightly (3-4 kcal/mol) increase, in contrast to earlier theoretical predictions. The effect on the endothermicities is large (DeltaDeltaH(r) = 7-12 kcal/mol). Hence, the increased reactivity of the substituted enediynes is entirely due to nucleophiles or radicals present in solution. This was demonstrated by quantitative experiments with diethylamine and tetramethyl piperidyl oxide (TEMPO) which both give fulvenes through 5-exo-dig cyclizations.

School sports accidents: analysis of causes, modes, and frequencies.

About 5% of all school children are seriously injured during physical education every year. Because of its influence on children's attitude toward sports and the economic aspects, an evaluation of causes and medical consequences is necessary. In this study, 213 school sports accidents were investigated. Besides diagnosis, the localization of injuries, as well as the duration of the sick leave were documented. Average age of injured students was 13 years. Most of the injured students blamed themselves for the accident. The most common injuries were sprains, contusions, and fractures. Main reasons for the accidents were faults in basic motion training. Playing soccer and basketball were the most frequent reasons for injuries. The upper extremity was more frequently involved than the lower extremity. Sports physicians and teachers should work out a program outlining the individual needs and capabilities of the injured students to reintegrate them into physical education.

[Ultrasound in surgery--value and dangers of a new development]. / Ultraschall in der Chirurgie--Wert und Gefahren einer neuen Entwicklung.

The value of US in enlarging the spectrum of diagnostic examination has been recognized. This also true for surgery in elective as well as emergency and intraoperative situations. Problems with US may arise when used by surgeons who do not have time enough for qualified training in this field due to intensive operation schedules or in cases where a 24-h US service is unavailable. Intensive education in diagnostic US for surgeons can help to avert this problem.

[Perforation: which therapy is proven in stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer?]. / Perforation: Welche Therapie ist gesichert beim Ulcus ventriculi und Ulcus duodeni?

Simple suture as standard treatment of perforated ulcer has been doubted because of high postoperative morbidity and reoperation-rate due to recurrent disease. Prospective studies showed that definitive surgery can decrease morbidity without increasing mortality. Selection is the important point. Patients with risk factors and perforation of acute ulcer should be treated by simple suture, patients without risk factors and perforation of chronic ulcer by definitive surgery (SPV + suture).

[Incidence of hospitalizations and operations for ulcer disease 1970-1981]. / Hospitalisations- und Operationsfrequenz wegen Ulkuskrankheit 1970-1981.

Since 1970 there has been a slight reduction, since 1977 a marked one, in the number of admissions for peptic ulcer at the two medical and the surgical clinics of the University of Mainz. This trend was interrupted by a peak from 1975-77, due to an increase of overall admissions at that time, after vagotomy procedures had been started at the surgical clinic. The reduction in admissions only related to uncomplicated ulcer and the admissions to the surgical clinic. Admissions for ulcer complications and to the medical clinics remained unchanged. The reduction in the number of operations for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer was 62%, for uncomplicated gastric ulcer 60%. Operative mortality rate for the former was 1.6%, for the latter 1.86%, while it was 10-25% for ulcer complications.